Hamlet vs Gladiator essay Essay

When watching the movie Gladiator, one might notice how very similar this story is to the Shakespearean play, Hamlet. In Gladiator the main character seeks vengeance for the loss of his son and wife, as does Hamlet for the loss of his father. The vengeance sought out in Gladiator is a result of treachery involving loved ones as is the vengeance sought out in hamlet. Finally, both Hamlet and Gladiator are examples of dramatic tragedy where the main character ends up dying. Along with these similarities there are also many differences. There are the difference in characters, the difference in when these stories take place, and the difference in the endings. By comparing and contrasting a modern tragedy, Gladiator, with an ancient tragedy, Hamlet, it shows why dramatic tragedy has survived throughout the ages. In the beginning of Hamlet King Hamlet’s ghost pays a visit to Prince Hamlet. The ghost tells Hamlet that while â€Å"sleeping in [his] orchard, a serpent stung [him].† He then tells Hamlet â€Å"the serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown.† Hamlet, who already suspected his father’s death to be murder, is furious upon learning that it was not only murder, it was his father’s uncle that committed the act of treachery. In a rage of fury Hamlet swears to the ghost of his father that he will seek vengeance on Claudius, for his sake and that of his father’s. This is very similar in Gladiator when Commodus kills his father, the Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius. Maximus, a Roman General, was very close with Marcus who told Maximus â€Å"he [was] the son [he] should have had†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and wanted Maximus to carry on as Emperor instead of his son Commodus. Maximus seeks vengeance on Commodus not only for murdering Marcus, but also because he murdered Maximum’s wife and eight-year-old son. In both cases Claudius and Commadus wanted to reign, to have power; in both cases they were not meant to have it. Hamlet was the â€Å"heir to the throne,† and Aurelius wanted Maximus to take his place as emperor. Both Claudius and Commadus wanted power so badly, that they killed in order to get what they wanted. ———————————————————————————————– These stories are both similar in treachery because the men that they had trusted and confided in had murdered them. Claudius betrayed his brother by poisoning him then marrying his wife; Commadus betrayed his father by suffocating him after learning Aurelius did not want his only son to rule. Another example of the similarities between these two stories is that Hamlet and Maximus both had to change themselves in order to seek their vengeance. They both went from being looked highly upon in society, to being looked down on. Hamlet fooled people by acting like he was crazy. This way his stepfather could not suspect Hamlet of knowing that he had murdered Hamlet’s father. Following the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Maximus finds himself an enemy of the new Emperor Commadus. He is reduced to the status of a slave and eventually falls into the hands of a gladiator trainer. He then begins to forge a new life for himself as a ruthless killing machine that entertains the fickle crowd, as the behind-the-scenes politics of second century Rome stand to make him a hero of the people. By fighting as a gladiator he seek revenge on the new Emperor of Rome. Hamlet and Maximus want to avenge those who have been killed so badly that they undergo obstacles with courage and their heads high as well as they both risking their lives for what they believe in. Throughout Hamlet, one might also notice they have taken similar ideas from â€Å"Hamlet† and used them to help make their story a (better one). Towards the beginning of the story before Aurelius is killed, Commadus tells the senators that â€Å"they’ll be pouring honey potion in people’s ears†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in order to make the country republic. What is similar is that Claudius poured â€Å"potion† into King Hamlet’s ear, in order to kill him. Another moment in Gladiator that makes you think of Hamlet is towards the end when Commodus tells his nephew, Lucius, about their ancestor Emperor Claudius. He tells Lucius that â€Å"[Claudius] was betrayed! By those closest to him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is similar to Hamlet because Gertrude betrays Claudius and Lucilla betrays Commodus. This is ironic because both Claudius and Commodus betrayed loved ones in order to gain power. Along with these similarities there are also many differences. For instance Hamlet was born a prince while Maximus was the general for Aurelius’s army. Also King Hamlet was killed by his brother and Aurelius was killed by his son, and Hamlet’s mother dies in the end while Commadus’ sister survives. The main difference, however, is in the end of these stories. In Hamlet, he never lets on to Claudius that he knows how his father died. Instead he acts as if he is crazy. It is not until a theatrical group re-enacts how King Hamlet was murdered that Claudius realises that Hamlet knows†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In Gladiator, as soon as Maximus sees Commadus in the Coliseum he tells Commadus that he will kill him for the murders he has committed. In the end Maximus kills Commadus while all of Rome watches this form of â€Å"entertainment† take place. Maximus, badly wounded dies soon after giving the Empire to the senators to become republic. Even though these two stories have their differences, they are both dramatic tragedies. The emotion that a tragic character portrays helps us to relate and become more entranced with the story. Up until the heroes have died they have got to know that person. They have understood the character, their motivations, and reactions. When they die, they have died courageously for what they have believed in. In life we are always looking for an â€Å"idol† hero-worshipping. Our fascination for dramatic tragedy has survived throughout the years because man in his inadequate ways needs to have someone whom they can look up to, so to speak. Lets face it we are often intrigued by human suffering especially if it is for noble causes. People often carry the same beliefs as these leaders, and fully support them. These heroes are the epitome of what we believe in, willing to die for causes. We love to believe that someone is willing to go to that extent for our beliefs. Their deaths often accomplish what could not be done while they were alive. This is illustrated when Maximus says â€Å"what we do in life, echoes in eternity.† The similarities and differences in Hamlet and Gladiator are what help make dramatic tragedies survive through the ages. However, it is not only in movies or plays, it is also in real life. These heroes have died for what they believed in and have made a difference in our lives. It gives us strength to face the world we live in today, and it gives us understanding as to why these leaders are fighting. This is why dramatic tragedies have survived throughout the ages, and this is why they will continue to survive for years to come.

The Success of Tyler Perry

Andrea Fields Professor Vickers ENC 1101 March 21, 2013 The Success of Tyler Perry Tyler Perry grew up living with his parents in New Orleans. Once he became grown he moved to Atlanta, Georgia. Tyler knew that black people were very successful in Atlanta. Tyler Perry was hoping to be a play writer. In the process of trying to become a play writer, he went from being homeless, to being recognized, to being successful. In the move to Atlanta, life was not easy for Tyler Perry. He would land jobs in small supermarkets, so he could save money to put towards his first production.He had written a play called â€Å"I’ve been changed. † Finally he had saved up enough money for the production of the play. First, Tyler rented a small theatre that seated 215 people. Second, he had auditions and found his cast, but on opening night only 30 people showed up. Tyler lost everything. He had put every dime he had into that play. Tyler Perry had become homeless, he had nothing to eat and he was sleeping in his car. His mother pleaded with him to come back home, but he refused. He was determined to do his play. For the next seven years he did plays and they would fail.He said â€Å"This is what God wants me to do. Tyler Perry had made up in his mind to try one his plays one last time. This time he would do it different. The first steps to his success were when he visited several black churches to learn the style of the different choirs, to observe the congregation, and of course, to listen to the preacher. He took all that he learned to the stage. On opening night he was afraid and wanted to quit. Tyler Perry quoted, â€Å"At that moment I heard God clear as day, I tell you when it’s over you don’t tell me, go look out the window. When Tyler went to look out of the window the line was around the corner, as it was each night. After that Tyler Perry was recognized across the east coast. That was the beginning of his success. Over the years he did plays across the east coast. His second step to success was when he came up with the character Madea, everyone wanted to see his plays. His shows were always sold out. Tyler was not stopping there, he wanted to make movies. The only problem was he was not heard of on the west coast.Whatever play Tyler Perry does there is always a message to learn from. However, studios in Hollywood said he would have to tone the messages down if he wanted to make movies, but Tyler would not compromise. He ended up in a partnership with a small production company called Lionsgate Studios. That was his third and major step to his success. Tyler Perry went from making movies to producing sitcoms for network television. Tyler Perry reached his fame. He is rich and successful. Tyler is an actor, an entrepreneur, and he is still acting to this very day.The man never let his situation stop him from succeeding. â€Å"What sets the survivors apart is their resilience- the ability to endure and even thrive under stressful conditions. † Alice Lesch Kelly (232). Tyler Perry had to jump over many hurdles in order to be a successful man. Every step he took to rise to the top he took them in stride. He wanted to give up but he did not because of his faith in God. Works Cited Kelly Lesch, Alice. â€Å"Toughen Up! .† Hall, Kim Flachmann and Michael. The Prose Reader. Boston: Ninth edition Prentice Hall, 2011. 231-232.

Ethnic Images in American Film and Television Essay

This literature review seeks to examine ways in which gender ethnic stereotypes in the media have been reviewed and the conclusions that have been observed regarding the negative continuance of gender ethnic stereotypes in the media. In addition, this paper includes research on the influence the media has to shape women’s attitudes through numerous resources of gender stereotyped images and language use. The term media in this research paper will be used very loosely, allowing me to cover areas in which gender ethnic stereotypes occur. The most common stereotypes are from film, television, internet and print media’s. With all the media outlets, viewers are noticeable to portrayal of what and how people of certain ethnicities act. The cultures I decided to focus on are African- Americans, European Americans and Hispanics. These ethnic groups tend to be in the lime-light for numerous accounts whether it’s positive recognition or backlash. Most often in film African- Americans characters are stereotyped as being the slaves â€Å"Djanjo and 12 Years a slave†, or being a Brash woman. European Americans on television tend to be inferior, and have leading roles, money, guns and the hot men. Lastly, Hispanics are stereotyped as Spanish speakers, and are typically the ones cleaning houses in the movies. Stereotyping occurs any time there is a need to generalize a particular group of people order to make an otherwise complex environment easy to understand (Lester, P., M., and Susan D. R., p12). A particular trait is used as the basis for stereotyping. In essence, society stereotypes humanity by race or gender. Some groups are associated with some unique traits that the society uses to generally define it. It does not matter that individuals in that group are unique and do not subscribe to the label given to them. When it comes to stereotyping, every individual in that particular group is made equal. From the ethnicity point of view, some ethnic groups are given so much value whereas others are devalued (Lester, P., M., and Susan D. R., p22). This is because of the hierarchy that the society creates to define races and ethnic groups. Stereotyping can be positive or negative. When it is positive, the stereotyped group feels good. When it is negative, the stereotyped group feels offended and may even go to an extent of retaliating. It is also important to note that repetition in the stereotyping leads to normalization of the same, because when stereotypes are repeated, they become perpetuated and ultimately validated. Stereotypes are taken to be truths because they have a connotation of some truth about the members of that particular group in general. The most dangerous form of stereotyping is negative racial stereotyping. It leads to strife and war. Gender stereotyping is also very explicit. Media has not been left behind in propagating stereotype. The media use stereotypes to define people from different backgrounds. It generalizes the complex nature of people to a one general bracket so that it is easy to understand that particular group of people. It also has helped propagate gender stereotyping. Given the cove rage of the media in the society, it can be said that stereotyping has taken another level where every person is aware of it unlike in the past. Various illustrations of how the media influences gender and ethnic stereotyping                      Television has become the key propagator of ethnic stereotyping. According to Srividya R. and Saunders, M. S., (p1), African-Americans and Latino-Americans are always undermined; underrepresented, demeaned and marginalized when it comes to the mainstream media. All this happens in the lines of stereotyping. For instance, African-Americans are portrayed in such a manner that demeans them completely. They are represented as big, mean and big-mouthed. In addition, they are portrayed as lazy and unreliable. They assume the roles that demonstrate ruthlessness to stereotype them as so. Moreover, they are represented as unintelligent and loyal slaves who submit stupidly. With regard to the Latino-Americans, the media as portrayed them with derision. They are portrayed as lazy people who are unintelligent. In addition, they are taken to be oversexed and extremely promiscuous. They are stereotyped to be very violent and always being associated with criminal activities. They assume the roles that pertain to breaking laws. The media portrays these minor groups in America so negatively. The audience is left with the impression that that is how every African-American or Latino-American. Furthermore, Srividya, R., and Saunders, M. S., (p1) explain how the news stories are covered in the America. They cut out groups ethnically against the backdrop of ethnic stereotyping. When watching news over the television, it is easy to observe how stories relating to social class are framed. The minority groups take blames for their assumed laziness and criminal activities. The Blacks and the Latinos are viewed as non-contributors in the nation economy. Television enter taining programs are also based on the stereotyping. The minority groups are used to represent the unwise characters in the name of entertaining the audience. Crime dramas also represent the Blacks and Latinos as law-breakers. The media has been so keen on recording and televising issues that pertain to the aspects of stereotyping when dealing with the African-Americans and Latino-Americans. According to Lee, M.J et al., (p4), journalists pay little attention on the problems that affect these people. They do not highlight their plight. Instead they run after them whenever issues that concern such things as drug abuse and criminal activities have been mentioned. They put keen interest to the conflicts that touch on the racial aspects as well as the surrounding controversies. They make these the breaking news and literally ignore the true nature of the lives of these people. The audience is left wondering who the Blacks and Latinos are. For the majority, the impression that they make about these minority group of people in America is that they are drug barons and criminals. The riots that happened in Los Angeles in 1992 give a vivid illustration of how the media tends to portray the Blacks and the Latinos (Lee, M.J., et al., p 5). While covering the story, the Black community was made to appear as the people responsible for the riots and the subsequent disturbances. Hispanics were also implicated at a greater degree. Most of those arrested came from the minority groups. This is a clear indication that due to failure of the media to give the true background of the conflicts, and hence generalizing the event, led to many Blacks and Hispanic arrests. The negative image painted about these people following that incident was demeaning. In addition, it is important to state here that whenever cases of riots erupt, the culprits are the Blacks, the Latinos and the Hispanics, thanks to the extensive level of media role in stereotyping. Another illustration is the films such as the â€Å"Boys in the Hood† and â€Å"Menace II Society†. These films have portrayed young blacks as criminals. As such, they have attracted a lot of audience and consequently, they have sold a lot in America (Saunders, M. S., and Sirvidya, R., p3). The audience has been tuned by the media to believe and like stories that demean the minority groups around America. Whenever a black-American is seen, he is seen as a threat to the security of the society. Considering the case of beating of Rodney King in 1991 (Miller, R.M., p32) the effects of this stereotyping is observed. During the trial, the defense team composed of four police officers said that they decided to beat Rodney because they feared that he could have been harmed. The fear in this sense signifies what every white person feels whenever they encounter a Black in America. The excuse given is the order of the day whenever the whites are defending themselves against the B lacks. In most movies, male characters have always dominated the female characters (Saunders, M. S. and Srividya, R., p35). This is an extension of gender stereotyping. The society already has a notion that a woman is subject to the man. When the media in the form of movies portray women as inferior to men, then they serve to reinforce that already existing belief. In addition, in most of the American movies where Black females appear as characters, most of the cases the women are made to use vulgar language (Jefferson, S. T., p 3). They are also portrayed as violent. Are the Black women always violent? Is it true that they use vulgar language most of the time? The clear answer is no. the reason they are portrayed as such is to serve the interests of the white audience. The society has been shaped to like stories that negatively impact the Black community at the advantage of their white counterparts. The white audience is happy when they learn that their women, for instance, are more intell igent and better than the Blacks, at least according to the movies and media in general. Moreover, the Blacks have been used in the movies and film industry to take the roles that pertain to servitude and slavery. For instance, in the movie â€Å"12 Years of Slavery† it is a Black young lady who takes the role of the slave (Jefferson, S. T., p6). She serves a white family that often mistreats her. This is not an isolated case. In most other movies, the roles that require a slave character, the directors of the movie will more often than not choose to use a black character than a white character. They back their reasoning by saying that a black person portrays the role well. Why? It is because the audience feels more satisfied by a black slave than a white slave. Even crime scenes in the movies are taken up by the black characters most of the times. The print media has also been implicated in the propagation of the stereotyping. According to Lester P.M and Susan D. R., (p65), in the advertising segment, the Blacks are portrayed as unintelligent as compared to the white counterparts. The Hispanics are used to represent comic characters in their role. The Latinos are used mostly in cases of promiscuity. The White Americans are used when referring to the wise community, and often associated with status of affluence. The minority groups are portrayed as people who are poor and uneducated. The newspapers also portray the Blacks, Hispanics and Latinos as criminals when covering acts of crime. The bias created goes a long way to victimizing innocent people on the grounds of false beliefs created by the stereotypes. The media has portrayed African-Americans, Latino-Americans and Hispanics very negatively. It is not that all African-Americans are criminals. In fact, most of them are law-abiding citizens in America. It is not true that all Blacks in America are uneducated. As a matter of fact, there are blacks in America who are highly educated compared to the white Americans. Also, contrary to the way media depicts Blacks as poor people, there are Blacks that live affluent lives with every luxury that a White person can wish for. The same truth applies to the Latinos and Hispanics as well. Therefore, the media does not give the true picture of the minority communities. In essence, the media highlights the aspects that they think will raise the eyebrows of the audience who are the whites. Since the media in America seeks to serve the white audience at the expense of other communities living in America, stereotyping forms a part in racism. The overall result is racial discrimination that has penetr ated even in the job markets so that members of the minority group are not getting employments. For the audience, it is important to realize that not all that is portrayed by the media about others is truth. References Jefferson, Shani  T. â€Å"Occupational role portrayals of African-American women on prime-time television.† Ethnicity in America 2.1  (2005): 1-7. Print. Lee, Moon  J., Shannon  L. Bichard, Meagan  S. Irey, Heather  M. Walt, and Alana  J. Carlson. â€Å"Television Viewing and Ethnic Stereotypes: Do College Students Form Stereotypical Perceptions of Ethnic Groups as a Result of Heavy Television Consumption?† Howard Journal of Communications 4.3  (2009): 3-6. Print. Lester, Paul M, and Susan D. Ross. Images That Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media. Westport, Conn: Praeger,  2003. Print. Miller, Randall M. Ethnic Images in American Film and Television. Philadelphia, U.S.A: Balch Institute,  1978. Print. Sanders, Meghan  S., and Srividya Ramasubramanian. â€Å"An Examination of African Americans’ Stereotyped Perceptions of Fictional Media Characters.† Howard Journal of Communications 6.3  (2012): 4-8. Print. Source document

Business in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business in Action - Essay Example Another purpose of this report is to urge other companies to emulate the nine building blocks in their business model in order to ensure that they attain a competitive edge in the local and international markets. Business in Action (Student’s Name) (Instructor’s Name) (Course Name) (Date) Executive summary One of the major aspects that have made Coca-Cola a successful company is the use of value proposition that entails quality brands that meets the needs of is consumers. Through production of quality brands that are non-carbonated in nature such as Minute Maid, Dasani and Fruitopia, the company recognizes the needs of its market segments. In its customer segmentation, Coca-Cola adopts two major aspects that include mass marketing and niche marketing. Similarly, the company has embarked on creating a strong customer relationship through the use of personal assistance as well as communities. Key activities that are utilized by Coca-Cola in its business model include prod uction and problem solving. To ensure continuity in its production, Coca-Cola has assets that were valued at 86.17 US$ as at 2012. Additionally, through its large number of employees, the company is in a position to effectively distribute its brands in the local and international markets. Major partnerships that are adopted by Coca-Cola in its operations include strategic alliances and coopetition. Key companies that Coca-Cola has formed partnership with include Minute Maid, Odwalla, Fuze beverage and Barq’s. To ensure effective distribution of its products, Coca-Cola has employed wholesalers and retailers as well as a strong sales team. In this way, the company is able to effectively penetrate new markets. Through transaction revenue as the major source of revenue streams, Coca-Cola has continued to increase its annual revenue an aspect is significant in its expansion strategies. In its cost structure, Coca-Cola adopts two techniques that includes cost-driven and outsourcing of its distribution system. Table of Contents Executive summary 3 Table of Contents 4 1. Introduction 5 1.1.The offer/ value propositions 5 1.2.Customer segments 6 1.3.Customer relationships 6 1.4.Key activities 7 1.5.Key resources 8 1.6.Key partners 8 1.7.Channels 9 1.8.Revenue streams 9 1.9.Cost structure 9 2. Conclusion 10 References 11 1. Introduction Based on the stiff competition in the current business atmosphere, local and international companies have adopted various strategies to face off their competitors. Besides putting in place appropriate marketing strategies, firms that are focused at retaining their customers and attracting new clients should emulate an effective business model. One of the major companies that have come up with appropriate business model is Coca-Cola Company. Coca-Cola Company is the world leader in the soft drink industry. Being headquartered in Atlanta US, Coca-Cola operates in more than 200 countries. With more than 500 brands, Coca-Cola has atta ined a competitive advantage over its rivals such as Pepsi and Starbucks. Some of the major brands that have made the company benefit from strong customer awareness and loyalty include Coke, Caffeine Free New Coke, Minute Maid Soft Drink, Alhambra, E2, Sprite, and Georgia among others. Through the diversified product line, the company has effectively met the needs of its consumers an aspect that has not only resulted to increased revenue for the company but also a strong positive customer-product

Is Socrates right to claim that vengeance is always wrong Essay

Is Socrates right to claim that vengeance is always wrong - Essay Example Socrates explained what is a virtue and reasons why people do evil or bad things (Bensen, 1992). Socrates preferred to maintain his integrity and decided to answer to charges of impiety and corrupting Athenian youths (Colaiaco, 2013). Socrates was not angry with the jurors and his arguments in the apology demonstrated that death should not be used as deterrence to philosophy since no man has true knowledge of death. After listening to Crito, Socrates refuses to escape since he believes it would be unjust to his reputation and those of his children. Thesis statement: Socrates is right to claim that vengeance is wrong. Socrates debates on whether it is right or wrong to injure or harm another person in retaliation for wrongs committed. According to Socrates, vengeance is wrong and escaping would amount to retaliation thus his escape would be wrong (Bensen, 1992). Socrates goes further to argue that one must never willingly commit wrongs notwithstanding the circumstances (Weiss, 1998). In addition, one must not do wrong even when wronged and therefore vengeance is wrong. Socrates Elenchus clearly argues against Homeric traditions that justice should be repaid by harming enemies. Socrates argues for a good life by comparing a healthy body with a healthy soul and claiming that life would not be worthy living if the higher part of man is destroyed by injustice (Crito 47e). Accordingly, Socrates points out doing wrong or vengeance is evil and dishonourable thus human beings must not do any wrong. Socrates clarifies that doing injustice is even worst for oneself than being subjected to it (Gorgias 469c- 522e) since those who do injustice make their souls worse. In this argument, Socrates demonstrates that if one treats you unjustly, will leave your soul unaffected thus this is a less harm compared to the harm that the unjust man suffers himself. I conquer that Greek precept of aiding one’s friends and harming one’s enemies amount to

Trends and Tactics used for Mobile Marketing Essay

Trends and Tactics used for Mobile Marketing - Essay Example Consequently, the customers are able to search for the product based on the simple captivating message given and eventually purchase the product (DeMers, 2014).Starbucks is another company that managed to effectively tap into the benefits of mobile marketing, through using the reward strategy; a reward system as the major strategy for attracting and retaining the attention of the customers (Vong, 2012). Starbucks has established a reward system program that rewards its repeat customers and then is divulging this advertisement through the mobile marketing platform. Consequently, the strategy makes it easier for the target customers to be reached personally, considering the fact that most of the consumers who own a mobile phone normally have the phone with them practically all the time (Richardson, 2010). This makes it possible for the attractive reward program by Starbucks to gain more attention both through mobile accessibility and the consequent word of mouth. The Starbucks strategy is becoming very effective because; when a reward system is communicated to a target consumer through their phone, it becomes more personalized and owned by the consumer as opposed to an advertisement that could be made through TV or print media.Thus, both Starbucks and Apple Inc. have been able to tap into the mobile marketing platform effectively through applying the simplicity and the reward system strategies respectively; and thus are consequently reaping the benefit of their unique mobile marketing strategies.

A New Approach for the Latino Community Annotated Bibliography

A New Approach for the Latino Community - Annotated Bibliography Example According to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that as the world moves at a fast pace, cultures merge, people migrate and acculturation takes place, we can be sure that "Latino" community advantage ultimately poses as a disadvantage because the "Latinos" are losing their individual identity. It was the identity that was given to them by their country, whether it was Colombia, Argentina, Ecuador or Haiti. Their cultures (sports, food, arts, film, and architecture) differ, their languages diversify slightly, their religions may not be the same - and then why should they not be called an Argentinean or a Colombian rather than a Latino There should be a new approach for the "Latino" community where their differences should be studied, and then highlighted in various ways so as to communicate them to the world and especially the United States of America so that any sort of biases and stereotyping can be avoided against them.  "Latino" is a term used for the people who belong to L atin America. This region consists of each country, each with its unique language, culture, and identity. But their immigration to other countries of the world like the United States of America have crushed their individual identity and made them popular as a collective unit, yet considered a minority and treated with biases and prejudice. This discrimination and highlight of a community aspect of Latinos have been mostly brought forward by the Spanish media, whether it is the television, newspapers, radio or the likes. Such media propagation by any country gives further impetus to different countries to form stereotypes and biases for these people. An Argentinean has a totally different culture than the Bolivian who lives in the U.S., a Brazilian has different beliefs than a Colombian who works in U.S. and Ecuadorian will have different thought processes than a person from Panama who study together in U.S. Such differences need to be highlighted. Latin America's rich and diverse cu ltural needs to be brought in front of the world but what media does is only show a cross-section of the population from Latin America, collectively labels them as Latinos and ignores the diversity available in the region. This is an important topic to address as it wants to achieve a basis for the vast differences between the 20 countries and their residents, who are part of Latin America. What is happening to the residents of Latin America is unfair. It needs to be looked into. Other topics would just have been an addition to the database of various papers who talk about Latinos. But talking about their differences and the situation of being referred to as "Latinos" puts them in an advantageous position as a community and at a disadvantage when it comes to their individuality. This ambiguous situation is difficult to weigh and talked about rarely. The Latinos know what they go through but I, being a student, subjected to the study of Latino culture, want to unravel their range of cultures and individuality as written and argued by prominent authors.  

Dick Hebdige argues that subcultural style should be regarded as a Essay

Dick Hebdige argues that subcultural style should be regarded as a semiotic form of resistance against authority - Essay Example Culture is an indispensable part of social life. From this point of view, culture is also necessarily related to politics even if the particular relationship is not standardized, in terms of its forms. Hebdige has thoroughly explored the potential relationship between culture and politics. In his book ‘Subculture: the Meaning of Style’, first published in 1979, Hebdige uses examples from cultural trends developed in Britain during 1970s (Blake 1998, p.97). Emphasis is given to the cultural trends, especially in terms of music and dress, of youths in different subcultures (Blake 1998, p.97). The research on this subject has led Hebdige to the assumption that social relations can be influenced by the cultural background of the parties; for politics, a similar view could be developed (Blake 1998, p.97). The view of Hebdige that subcultural style should be regarded as a semiotic form of resistance against authority is evaluated in this paper. Reference is primarily made, pri marily, to the concept of subculture, as described in the study of Hebdige. Then, two examples are employed for showing the value of the views of Hebdige if they are used in practice. It is proved that, indeed, subcultural style can be used as a form of resistance against authority. Still, the implications of such use are rather difficult to be identified. Neither can it be said that a particular subcultural style has been found to be effective in supporting a strong resistance against authority. 2. Hebdige and subcultural style as a semiotic form of resistance against authority 2.1 Key points of Hebdige’s view in regard to subcultural style For Hebdige, subcultures are related to two key terms: ‘conjuncture and specificity’ (During 1999, p.441). More specifically, Hebdige promotes the idea that subcultures are not limited to a particular aspect of life or to a particular area (During 1999, p.441). Rather, subcultures can be identified ‘almost everywhereâ⠂¬â„¢ (During 1999, p.441) being influenced though by specific conjunctures (During 1999, p.441). The term ‘conjunctures’ (During 1999, p.441) in the above use reflects not just the cultural and social trends developed in a particular region but also the political and economic conditions of the region (During 1999, p.441). It is in this framework that subcultures are created and developed (During 1999, p.441). At the next level, these subcultures change as they are adopted by people in different social classes and of different age (During 1999, p.441). Through the above transformation process a high range of styles appears (During 1999, p.441). It should be noted that the notion of subculture as developed by Hebdige is based on the continuous opposition with the system, leading to a phenomenon described as ‘resistance through style’ (Muggleton and Weinzierl 2004, p.86). The particular type of subculture has been characterized as heroic, indicating a strong willingness for fighting the system, including politics (Muggleton and Weinzierl 2004, p.86). However, today subculture has been slightly transformed; a transmission to ‘a post-heroic phase’ (Muggleton and Weinzierl 2004, p.86) has been unavoidable since the willingness of people to fight the system has been gradually reduced. On the other hand, the value of subculture for evaluating the social trends for opposing the system remains significant (Muggleton and Weinzierl 2004, p.86). When efforts are made for evaluating the power of subculture within a particular society the following fact should be taken into consideration: subculture, as described by Hebdige, needs to ‘represent noise, disturbance and blockage of the system of representation’ (Muggleton and Weinzierl 2004, p.86). If the above requirement is not met, then the social

Masraf Al-Rayan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Masraf Al-Rayan - Essay Example Masraf Al-Rayan is an Islamic banking that is concerned with financing, investing and other activities like brokerage. The bank is based in Qatar, and it is an international firm. The business model of the company is that it operates in corporate banking, retail banking and lastly through asset management. The corporate banking involves corporate finance and other advisory services that are needed by the customers. In corporate banking, the management is concerned with how capital is restructured, capital raising and valuation of the customers when they need loans to expand their businesses as well as mergers and acquisition. Additionally, it is also concerned with specialized investments and project finance among others. The next business model is the retail banking that ensures that the bank considers current savings and the customer deposits accounts. The retail banking also plays a significant role in ensuring that it is financing the credit card for the customers, checking the kids account and ensuring that it is updated to the month the customers have paid (Mishkin and Eakins, 2009). It also ensures that the pay and the prepaid cards are financed fully so that customer complaints are reduced and ensure efficiency in the company. It plays a critical role in ensuring that private banking products and services are offered to the customers. The last business model is the asset management for the customers and the bank assets that they have been acquired through credit or buying cash. It also ensures that cash management is controlled so that customers can get the capital any time that is required as long it is business working hours. Business planning and financing is the role of the asset management department. The aim of the department is to carry valuation and then fund the business so that the bank and customers can gain from those investments. The financial brokerage makes it possible for the bank to buy real estates and later sell them to the customers

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Answer questions - Essay Example Value based pricing focuses on the usability and value a product adds to the life of the consumer. Rather than fixing prices with the intention of covering the cost incurred in production of a product, a company fixes the price depending on the value it adds to the consumer’s life. Value can be measured in terms of increased efficiency in conducting business activities, improvement in general standards of living and other qualitative measures. Examples of businesses that use this strategy include software companies and producers of medical products. Being a computer and electronics company that seeks to solve the computing needs of our clients, we use the value that the product adds to the lives of our clients to determine how much it is worth. The company also produces a number of personalized software products for its clients. This is a good strategy because rather than concentrating on the metrics in terms of cost of coming up with a product, the company is more concerned with the utility that a client derives from it. It makes no sense for a customer to pay for a product just to cover the cost of producing it while it adds no value to his/her life. Traditional approaches of penetrating the market favor charging a low price for a product when a business enterprise is initially entering into a market niche. Chances are high that there were previously existing businesses on the market before it came in and therefore, charging lower prices may capture the attention of the target market. Once it has established a reliable customer base and gained ground in the market, it should take advantage of strategies such as increasing prices or large-scale production to boost profits. This is effective in countering competition especially because of the seemingly low profits. Skimming on the other hand favors charging high prices for products as they are being introduced into the market. The main aim

Remember the Titans Essay Example for Free

Remember the Titans Essay Healthy relationships are made not born, and the movie â€Å"Remember the Titans† has proven that. A healthy relationship is a relationship which has respect, honesty, trust, communication, equality and acceptance for who the other person or people may be. On the other hand, an unhealthy relationship is a relationship which has selfish, abusive, irresponsible, aggressive and manipulative behavior. I will be discussing how the relationship of Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell transformed from an unhealthy relationship to a healthy relationship. As well as a theme from the movie that is equality. â€Å"Listen, I’m Gerry, you’re Julius. Let’s just get some particulars and get this over with,† Gerry said. â€Å"Particulars? Man, no matter what I tell you, you ain’t gonna know nothing about me. † Julius responded. Their relationship started off by not acknowledging one another, they were like enemies. They looked at each other with disgust and intimidation. They both lived their own separate lives with their own race and did not want to bond with the other race. If they did join with another race it was like a crime. But as the movie went on, the characters developed and learned to bond. They learned to appreciate the meaning of trusting a man’s soul rather than the color of their skin. They worked to overcome the racial issues and heal the conflict. I feel that the scene where, Julius had gone to visit Gerry in the hospital after his accident showed most development. Julius walked into the room, â€Å"Only kin’s allowed in here,† said the nurse. â€Å"Alice, are you blind? Don’t you see the family resemblance? That’s my brother. † Gerry indicated. This is where they fought the battle of Gettysburg. Fifty thousand men died right here on this field, fighting the same fight that we are still fighting among ourselves today. This green field right here, painted red, bubblin with the blood of young boys. Smoke and hot lead pouring right through their bodies. Listen to their souls, men. I killed my brother with malice in my heart. Hatred destroyed my family. Yo u listen, and you take a lesson from the dead. If we dont come together right now on this hallowed ground, we too will be destroyed, just like they were. I dont care if you like each other of not, but you will respect each other. And maybe I dont know, maybe well learn to play this game like men. † Coach Boone said to the team. This quote has the most significance to the theme. Coach Boone explained that coming together would be the only option and they had to learn to accept each other no matter what, that they are all equal. From my point of view, the themes are equality and acceptance. No matter what your race is, your gender is or the religion you follow you should not be treated different than any other human. Beneath the skin we are all the same, we all have a heart and that is what truly matters. â€Å"Everywhere we go -Everywhere we go-, people wanna know -people wanna know-, who we are -who we are-, so we tell them -so we tell them- We Are The Titans! -We Are The Titans! The Mighty Mighty Titans! -The Mighty Mighty Titans! † they sang as they came together as a team and brought the entire city of Alexandria together too. The movie taught me about unhealthy relationships and how they can become healthy ones. Also, the movie taught me about acceptance and equality.

The company’s efforts Essay Example for Free

The company’s efforts Essay Explain some of the company’s efforts to localize its offerings and describe how Successful these efforts were. What could have been done differently? Think local, Act local. Think local, Act local. This is company’s efforts to localize its offerings. Global business philosophy changes 3A to 3P principle, 3A is Availability, Affordability, Acceptability. It meaning is to make customers buy get, affordable, willing to buy. 3P is Pervasiveness, Price to value, Preference. (2) Held Activities Coca cola localized their products is based on countries’ culture such as Malaysia is Coke EURO 2012 â€Å"Buka Coca-Cola, Buka Semangat Bola† contest. And McDonalds introduced about the World Cup drinking cup in the 2012 World Cup. Besides, Coca cola localized in China through the Chinese design in Beijing Olympics. Beijing Olympic Games torch bearer selection, Coca Cola to provide 18 places. As a global partner of Beijing Olympic Torch Relay , Coca-Cola ( China ) Beverages Ltd. officially announced : [ Coca-Cola ] Olympic torchbearer selection Shanghai area started , the selection of the theme Who lit the flame of my heart to the public 18 torchbearers places the Olympic spirit and the journey of Harmony theme brought to every corner of Shanghai . (3) Indication marks The other belongs to the Coca-Cola company brand drinks of all the packaging and advertising, it is the emblem and the Coca-Cola company honor cooperation. For example, Sprite, Fanta .The words, this is actually in the ascension and strengthening Coca-Cola brand. In addition, with the local brand beverage friendly cooperative relations, as well as local brand beverage special affinity, Coca-Cola has a better relationship. (4) Advertisement Through the advertisement implants, also can improve the local people accept rate, and local phase fusion, increase sales. For example, the bottle of packaging is the local custom picture. In the development of any drinks can use original brand sales channels, like this is advantageous to quickly open the market, but also can greatly reduce the cost. Coke, Sprite, fanta and so on three brand sales ratio roughly 2:2:1, development basic equilibrium. From several brand reputation, reputation to market sales, show integral consistent, distinct features, taste and can achieve complementary. According to the characteristics of the Chinese market, the Coca-Cola company expanding their drinks varieties, from oolong tea to the new age style of fruit punch, high heat energy drinks, and even to the most ancient drinking water. So which is more in line with the tastes of the locals , and make it easier for everyone to accept. localize its offerings after, Products with the local people more close contact, from popularity and good reputation degree, market sales, can have very big promotion.

Cable Modem Cloning Hacking Communication Computer Science Essay

Cable Modem Cloning Hacking Communication Computer Science Essay Cable modem is a communication device. This device allows us to connect our PC or laptop to cable Television line and receive data from operator at speed of 1.5 Mpbs or more. Data rate is much more then telephone modems (28.8 or 56 kbps) and 128 kbps given by ISDN (integrated services Digital Network). It is almost equal to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) telephone service. Cable modem can is combined with set top box. With this combination channels could be watched on TV and internet could be accessed. In most cased cable modem are given by operator. They are not purchased by customers. Cable modem has two connectors. One connecter is connected to cable wall outlet. Other connected to personal computer or laptop. In some cased second connector is connected to set top box for TV channels. Cable modems do conversation between analog signals and digital signals. In other words it performs the task of modulations and demodulation. Although it do modulation and demodulation but it is a very complex device then telephone modem. Cable modem can be individual external device or it can be integrated with a personal computer of set top box. Cable modem is connected to a laptop or personal computer with a standard 10BASE-T Ethernet card. Cable modems are connected to cable operator with a coaxial cable line. Through this coaxial cable cable modem communicates to Cable Modem Termination System located at cable operator office. Cable modems can send or receive signals to Cable Modem Termination System. But cable modem cannot send or receive signal to other cable modems on line. Internet service bandwidth over cable TV line can be 27 Mpbs or more for downstream and 2.5 Mpbs or more on reverse direction. But main factor in speed is cables from operator office to customers homes and actual speed that operator has. If operator is only connected to internet at speed of 1.5 Mpbs in this case data rate at customer end would be near 1.5 Mpbs. Main cable TV providers are using cable modems to bring internet at customer home. Cable modems are used to provide internet service to individuals and business customers. Fast internet connection can be provided by cables modems as well cable modem is a continuous connection. How cable modems work News, entertainment and educational programs are brought by television in millions of homes. Many peoples watch TV through cable TV in short known as CATV. Cable TV operator provides many channels and in very good picture quality. If customer wants cable TV operator can also provide access to internet with high speed. Cable modems are able to give competition to asymmetrical digital subscriber lines (ADSL).it is very interesting to how these both competitors works. In next topic I will try to explain how many TV channels and web sites flow on single coaxial cable. 1.1.1 More Space Coaxial cable used by cable operators is able to carry hundreds of megahertz of signals and each channel that travels on coaxial cable is given 6 megahertz of total electrical space or bandwidth.it means coaxial cable can carry many more channels then we can or wants to watch. Cable TV operator sends signals of various channels each channel gets six MHz slice of coaxial cables available total bandwidth. There could be two types of distribution of cable network. In first one coaxial cable is installed from operators office till customer home. In second type fiber-optic cable is installed from operators office till different areas then from these different locations coaxial cable is installed till customer home. 1.1.2 Streams If a company provides facility of internet then internet service can also use same coaxial cable. This work is done by Cable Modem by putting downstream data (data that is sent from internet to customer) on a six MHz channel. So internet data is just like a TV channel on cable. Same amount of total cable bandwidth is taken by internet downstream data as by a single TV channel. Internet service is a combination of downstream and upstream (data that is sent to internet from customer) .it means upstream also need bandwidth of cable. It takes only 2 MHz slice of space from total available space because it is assumed that customers download more data as they upload. To put these two types of streams (downstream and upstream) cable operator needs only two devices. One device at customer end that is called Cable Modem and other one at operator end called Cable Modem termination system. Computer networking and internet access management takes place in between these two devices. 1.1.3 inside the cable modem As mentioned earlier Cable modem can be external or internal to computer. Some operators provide Cable Modems those are integrated with set top box. Cable Modems can be different from their outer look but all of them have same components inside. Components are given below 1. Demodulator 2. Media Access Control Device 3. Microprocessor 4. Modulator 5. Tuner 1.1.3.1 Tuner The tuner is connected to cable outlet. In some cases tuner is connected to a splitter. Splitter separates channels used for data from channels used for cable TV channels. Tuner collects data from internet channel. Data comes in form of digital modulated signal. Tuner receives this data and passes this data to demodulator. In some Cable Modems tuner contain one other component known as diplexer.it allows tuner to divide frequencies into two sets. First set is used for downstream traffic ad second one is used for upstream traffic. Range of frequencies used for upstream is between 5 to 42 MHz. Range used for downstream frequencies is between 42 to 850 MHz. In some other cases Cable Modem tuner is only used for downstream data and for upstream traffic dial up telephone modem is used. In any case tuner passes data to demodulator. 1.1.3.2 Demodulator Typically Demodulator performs four functions. First function is to convert radio frequency signal in to simple signal that can be processed by analog to digital converter. Radio frequency signal contains information in it by varying amplitude and phase of wave. Second function is performed by analog to digital converter. It takes signal from quadrature amplitude modulation demodulator in turns in series of 1s and 0s. These 1s and 0s are in digital form. Third function is performed by error correction module. It receives information from analog to digital converter and checks this information against a already known standard for possible errors. Main function of this module is to find problems in transmission and to fix them. At this stage data is in groups and these groups are called frames. Frames can be MPEG format. So MPEG synchronizer does its duty to make sure that frames are in order and in line as they were transmitted. 1.1.3.3 Modulator Modulator do reverse job as done by demodulator. It converts digital data into radio frequency signals. So that they can be transmitted on cable. Nature of traffic that flow between user and internet is irregular. Typically this component has they parts 1. Digital to analog converter 2. Quadrature amplitude modulator 3. Error correction information inserter 1.1.3.4 MAC Cable modem has two portions upstream and downstream.MAC is lactated between these two portions. It works as interface between hardware and software portions of different network protocols. Every network device has MAC. Cable modem MAC performs much more complex task then normal MACs. Because it performs much more complex tasks it work load is given to CPU of Cable Modem or to CPU of user personal computer or laptop. 1.1.3.5 Microprocessor Job of Microprocessor depends on for what cable modem is designed. Cable modem can be designed only to provide internet access or it can be designed to be a part of large computer system. If Cable modem is used only for internet access then Microprocessor of Cable mode does most of function of MAC. In case Cable modem is used to be part of large computer system Microprocessor of computer performs most function of MAC. 1.2 Cable Modem Termination System At CMTS end traffic comes from different users in groups. Function of CMTS is take all traffic on a single channel and route this all traffic to internet service provider for connection to internet. on CMTS end service provider could have set up different servers for performing following functions 1. Account and Log management 2. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 3. Administration of IP Addresses of users 4. Servers for Data over Cable Service Interface Specifications Downstream data reaches to connected users. It is same like in a Ethernet network. Individual connection has to think that it is for him or not. It is totally different in case of upstream data. Data send from one user to internet is not seen by other users on network. As we know there is not so much bandwidth for upstream. Total available bandwidth is divided into time slices. Time slices are in milliseconds. Time slices are given to different user to send data to internet. Time slices works very well for send short commands, queries and address those are send from users to internet. Typically CMTS allow 1,000 users to connect to internet on a single six MHz channel. Normally single channel have capacity of 30 to 40 megabits per second. So it clear that Cable modem is able to give speed to customers which is much more then dial up modems. Single channel concept could also lead to some issues those customers can face. 2. History of Cable Modems At stating of year 1990 world started to know about stuff that could be possible with digital communication. At that time internet was known just as a tool. Engineers were trying to discover a method to shuttle digital signals between two computers. Same stuff is available for us today in form of internet, email and much more. Technology was invented but not for sending receiving email or surfing web instead it was invented to transmit television channel signals. Channels like ORF, ATV, Plus 4. These channels were transmitted on high capacity wires. At user end a TV box was used to handle these channels and deliver to TV. It was starting of cable TV. To get more TV channels so much efforts are done in last many years. Physical network of coaxial cable and fiber optic cable are installed in many kilometers. These physical networks are installed either underground or some feets over ground using wooden or iron poles. And of course these networks have worked very well to full fill their purpose. Cable TV was born in U.S. but it has rapidly migrated to other continents. Now a day cable TV networks are pumping more than hundred TV channels to homes. One of leading cable operator in Vienna is delivering 132 TV programs including 23 HD programs.[upc.at] Later on inventors wanted to use cable TV network for other purposes. That was time when computer network started to stand on its feet. Means computer networks were started to build in organizations and in educational institutions. Some organization had proved that two or more computer connected to each other can do amazing things. Data or information that was only in individuals computer can be shared between others also can be enhanced by other users. Books were made free from library and published so that all can see. To make it possible that two computers can talk to each other so much was done by inventors. Communication protocols were developed. Languages to develop protocol were invented. Standards of communication were developed. Names were given to standards such as Novell and Ethernet. This all was rising of local area network. At this time engineers and investors started to think about increase boundaries of this information communication network. They wanted to share that was going on in computer of an organization at a wider geographical area. They were thinking to share information of a computer with another computer located at other end of same city. They wanted to transform a local area network in metropolitan area network. All these idea needed transmission medium installed within a city.so that information or data can be send or received on wide spread transmission medium. One solution was to transmit information on copper wires of telephone networks. But copper wires used in telephone network were not able to provide speed that was provided by LANs. Fast speed transmission was provided by advance version of telephone system called TI ,T3 or ISDN. But these solutions of high speed information transmission were very expensive. Luckily same types of cables used for local area networks named coaxial cables were already been installed in all over the city by cable operators to provide TV channels to customers. With some more engineering this cable can be used as very power full media for information transmission. A electronic device was demanded by many organizations and educational institutes. Private and government organizations, schools, hospitals, were looking for a way to send and receive text file, images, across town. Some of them rented expensive lease lines from telephone companies and some of them created their own pipes to transfer data or information across town. But peoples were not aware that there was a medium that was able to data with high speed as well it capable to transfer data on very high speed. This medium was not far away it was just outside in street. Cable TV operators had built a network across city. It was supposed that it was only for transmission of TV channels. But it was very much suited for information as well. It took many years to discover that cable TV network can be used for transfer data across city. LANcity discovered technology that became mile stone for so called Cable Modem. In other words It was just a box that was attached to cable television that was able to transfer coaxial cable a medium to transfer TV channels to medium to transfer data. As many people wished about its speed it was outstanding. It was a big coincidence that almost on same time an another force that attracted attention of peoples was introduced. Its name was internet. Typically cable modem technology was developed so that peoples can share files between offices those were located across city. Combination of internet and cable modem technology connected households with high speed. As it happens to all most all technologies same was with cable modems that it took many years to come in shape that is available for us today. Modems those were made in its early days were big metal boxes and were very heavy to pick up. In early years size of cable modem was almost same as rack of our cupboard. Main idea was they were not made for homes or residential use. They were made for schools, offices and for educational institutions. Not at all for homes. In those days internet was just a linking of government offices and educational institutions. Speed of internet was very slow over dialup phone lines. Computer monitors were also black and white. Operating system of systems was also DOS. It was not windows. There was no world wide web available. Internet was a toy for peoples who were interested in technology or of peoples who were interested to explore new technology. Internet has nothing for everyone. Those days were starting days of internet. 2.1 Development of Cables Nothing would be wrong to say that in those days personal computer were babies. But cable television networks were in their 30s. There was more than one cable operator in same area. Most of cable operators were offering more than 50 channels. Some of cable operators were providing service with basic TV channels on the other hand some were providing TV channels with basic channels as well premium TV channels. Architecture of cable network was totally different as it is today. In these days fiber optics is being used and it has increased speed of transmission lines. Noise that was introduced by amplifiers has reduced. Combination of fiber optics and coaxial cable are doing a under full job. But at starting some peoples believed this combination will never work. With time there are many changes have taken place in technology but still one technology is still same. Pictures of TV channels are taken from air as they are broadcast from satellites. At operator end TV channels are captured from air then they are passed through a so called mixer it place them on a single cable on different frequency bands. Now they are ready to travel on coaxial cable. But after traveling some miles they should be amplified. But here is a problem amplifiers also amplify or boost noise as well. This noise introduced by amplifiers make the picture worse. In 1980 cable networks were like branches of tree. It means from main office of cable operator thick cables were going to all four directions. After a particular distance in each direct less thick cable were used till different branches of cable operator. Thin cables were used till customer home from branch office. This was architecture of cable TV networks. It was perfect to transmit TV channels on it. There were many reasons that this network was not suitable for data communication. In a sense it was one way network. As we mentioned there where many reasons one of them was TV signals were sent only in one direct means from cable operator office to customer homes. To send signal in other direction means from customer to home cable TV operator was not possible. This network could work with data transmission if there would a method that customer or users can also send data to operator office and from operator office to destination of data it could in same city or in same country or could in other country for example world wide web. Till 1980 most of cable operator had not started to make path for customer to send data toward operator office. It was called upstream. Downstream was already possible as channels were sending from operator office to customer homes. Operator were not thinking about it one reason behind was there was not enough demand of it. So without any demand operators were not ready to invest their money in this technology to make path from customer home toward operator office. But it has not affected developers in any way. They continued their inventions in this technology that could make coaxial cable more useable. It was their main interest to make this cable TV network useable for information transmission. Information can travel in both directions not only in one direction. There was a requirement of an electronic device that could combination all stuff of data communication with cables used for TV channels. This electronic device should combine whole architecture of cable network with data c ommunications. So lot of efforts was required to transform cable TV network in to data network. Cable modems those were invented in 1980. Typically were not addressed a Cable Modems. They were so called radio frequency modems. They were not made for home users. They were used only by engineers. They were cable able to perform of modulation and demodulation. Information transmitted by them was 1s and 0s. It was not video means were not TV channels. Information was transmitted in coaxial cable within same boundaries of frequencies. Cable modems those were invented in their early days were used for different purposes. As cable networks owned by cable operators. Only some of cable operator agreed to negotiate within a city to link different buildings. These building can be educational institutions, police stations. These building can send or receive messages to each other by using existing cable network. At that time cable modems were only capable to deliver a speed of 19.2 kbps. But it was still faster than speed given by telephone modems that was around 1200 bps. Interesting thing is after 30 years we can enjoy speed of Mpbs. Cable Modems made in starting days were not so complex as modems those we have now a day. They were very less sophisticated as compared to todays modems. Let us suppose there are two computers in two different buildings attached to each other with cable modems over cable network coaxial cable. A message is sent from first computer. Computer handovers message to modem. Modem hand over this message to destination computer on downstream frequency without any processing. Basically it is broadcasted to all computers over network. Destination computer gets message through cable modem. As well all other computers on network get the message. But they cannot see messages because address of computer does not correlate with messages destination address. Transmission was based on a simple logic. One computer wants to send message to other computer so called Mr. ABC it will send message to all assuming that all are Mr. ABC but only Mr. ABC will receive message because other computers are not Mr. ABC. Till this time cable TV operators started to recognize capabilities of their wide spread coaxial cable network. They started to use cable modem for their own communications. Some of main branch offices were not near to telephone lines. Cable operators had covered remote areas as well mountains. But telephone lines were not available on these places. So cable operators thought they will use their own cables for communication on these remote areas rather than paying to telephone companies for installing telephones line in those remote areas. They have one choice to use cable modem on both end of their cable network. It was cable modem that allowed to cable engineers to set up internet PBX using cable network. Till now a day in some places those modems are used for telephone service. This was the time when data was available with phone and TV channels were already available. After some time developers of cable modem discovered a modem that was able to provide speed of 1.544 Mpbs speed over cable network. They took advantage of it started service of leased line known as T1 for businesses. T1 lines needed bandwidth on cable as equal to one TV channel. Luckily some of cable operator have free channel available. Those operators do not have vacant channels thought to replace some of channels so that give service of private data network to their customers. Research done on history of cable modem shows that it took 15 years and then cable modem became main stream. Main three problems were faced in long path of development of cable modems. First problem was transmission of traffic in both directions. It was possible with cable network to transmit information from operator office to customer homes but transmission of information from customers toward operator office was not possible. Till late 1990 cable operstor were capable to transmit information in both directions. Second problem was with business model. As already mentioned data transmission was made possible by cable modems but it was only use full for organizations or educational institutions like universities or schools. It was not available for home users. At that time it only looked as a business have only cost but no profit. Third problem was modem itself. In most cased it was built by different companies according to their requirement for single application. It was property of supplier. Modems from different suppliers were not able to communication with each other means no interoperable. In simple words it means cable companies were investing in such a technology that have no standard and it can be overcome anytime or other technology. Answer of these questions was given by DOCSIS. DOCSIS stands for Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification. It defined that cable modems are for cable industry. They are not for researchers or developers. DOCSIS helped for development of cable modems in direction of economy and volume. 2.1.1 DOCSIS Till mid of 1990, three problems those occurred for acceptance of cable modem were being solved. Upstream path from customer homes to operator office were being added to coaxial cable network. News from Cambridge and Castro valley encouraged cable operators to know more about cable modem technology.it also helped them to explore business model. Use of cable modem in telecommunications business was also favorable for cable modem development. Internet was rising day by day. Cable TV and telephone companies had tuff competitions. Companies were trying to get each other customers. Companies were able to provide TV channel service as well telephone service. At this time there was a new business for these companies it was internet service for customers at high speed. But still there was one barrier for companies. It was device interoperability. There was a lack of standard in modem industry. It was not possible to get interoperability without standards. Cable modem market could not be emerged without standards. Cable modem developers had a feeling of fear without standards to manufacture a big volume of cable modems. Because of production of less quantity price was high and it directly affected customers. It was well understandable and as well expected that electronic devices should work no matter of their location. In other words if we buy a modem from Vienna it should also work in Graz without any trouble. Because lack of interoperability if a modem purchased from Vienna and then customer moves to some other city where cable service is provided by another operator and this modem will not work there. I would like to give a sweet example here may be you have experienced of different power outlet in different countries. It is obvious no retailer would like to sell such products those give trouble to face angry customers. Interoperability was main issue at that time and it depended on technologies those developers had chosen those days. Some manufactures were selling asymmetrical modems. It means information moved faster from operator office toward customer home as it moved from customer home to operator office. Reason behind was a click to get a page from web needed less bandwidth as required by webpage itself. Some other manufactures had different ideas they were producing symmetrical cable modems as broadband user were increasing. Their idea was that home user would need more upstream speed to send information toward word wide web. Cable modem suppliers were growing with same speed as high speed internet grew. Every supplier was bit different from other. Some big names of electronic devices like Cisco Systems. HP, IBM, Motorola jumped in industry of cable modems. There were also small manufactures in cable modem industry. When big companies entered in market, small manufactures where afraid because big manufactures can produce modem like cookies. They could offer price very much attractive for customers. Still small suppliers tried to move on as quickly it was possible for them. This all was happening in non-standardized environment. In 1995 only one mantra was on everyones tongue and it was standards for their technology. When it did not worked as it was in mind of big manufactures like HP and IBM they step back from scene. In those days standards for cable industry were only concern. Because it was related to electronic devices those were used in homes. Cable operators has only fitted cables and modems in their offices and at customers end only from short listed providers of cable and modems. It made possible coexistence of both suppliers and cable service provider. Main suppliers have full control over selecting pricing and features of cable modems. It totally up to them to decide when older version would be discontinued and newer version would be introduced to market. At end of year 1995 some of cable modem engineers started to does private meetings about a chip call MIcroUnity. Same like other chips it was also reprogrammable. They decided to use this chip in cable modems as well in set top boxes and later on if required it can be updated with software. It was an alternative for if new services are introduced then cable operator should change box. It have double cost first cost was of box and second one was to send one to install new box. At that time there were two main players in cable technologies. Both of them thought enough about this MicroUnity chip that was reprogrammable then they decided to invest in this chip. They formed a private company that would lead for use of chip in cable hardware. This company was called Cable Multimedia Cable Network System in short MCNS. Motivation behind MCNS was to attract more hardware suppliers in cable industry. So that pricing can be bring down and to introduce more features. Only reason to do so was to bring interoperability among cable device producers. only solution of Interoperability between devices from different operators was to develop standards. Later on MCNS became DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification. It is pronounced as dock sis. In year 1996 Developers put it on fast track and they decided to complete specification written till end of year 1996. At mid of 1997 specification were being completed. Lab test can be performed on specifications. Intension of these tests was give sample to vendor and to test specifications. It was September month of year 1997 when a detailed certification program was released. Responsibility was given to a board to review certification. It was also responsibility of board to approve products if they meet specifications. An agreement was made that Cable Modem Termination Systems would be check to qualify specifications and vendors would be tested to give me certificate. As certificate they will get DOCSIS certificate sticker. 2.1.2 Certification Two years and to clear three certification test were necessary for any vendor to get DOCSIS certificate. On 20 march 1999 cisco system got qualification for their CMTS. First certificate for modem was issued to Toshiba and Thomson companies. After some months modems from 3Com and Arris passed certification. In coming some months many products get DOCSIS certificate. Now a day in many country cable companies lead DSL reson behind is speedy efforts done to make DOCSIS standard. Meanwhile stories of success of cable modem and high speed internet were coming continuously. Peoples who adopted cable modem in its early days were satisfied from their decision. Cable modem industry was afraid if they would be able to full fill high demand. Because of fast progress of cable modem technicians were also in high demand. Two persons were need first one to handle cable modem and second one for handling personal computer. At end of year 2002 in North America there were around 16 million customers. Cost of cable modem was also reduced from 1990 since 2001. In year 2001 cost of a cable modem was around $120 while in year 1990 it was $500. There is no dispute either on success stories of cable or on its high demand. Investment banker signed agreements with leading cable companies to build backbone network and content infrastructure to support high speed cable modem technology. Development of DOCSIS is still continuing. Now a day Circuit of cable modem is available on personal computer cards. In Europe cable modem circuit is available in set top box. With the time successor of DOCSIS were released. Quality of service has in improved in successors of DOCSIS. They are able to support coming generation of high speed internet service. DOCSIS has also played very important role in development of internet protocols. Latest version of DOCSIS is DOCSIS 3.0 that is able to provide download speed of 1.5 Gbit/s and upload speed of 1150 Mbit/s. Trial version of DOCSIS 3.0 was announced o

Sir Karl Poppers Falsifiability Claim :: Sir Karl Popper Science Essays

Sir Karl Popper's Falsifiability Claim Popper's claim that "the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability" (Klemke, 1988) may be viewed as an observation of, rather than a complete departure from, earlier criteria for science. Klemke states in his introduction to part one (p. 16) that defining science (or the scientific method) has traditionally consisted of utilizing seven criteria that must be met in a specific order. Criteria number (5) and (6) refer to deduction rather than induction, and will negate criterion (4) if not met. Specifically, if one is unable to "deduce other statements from these", or one is unable to "verify those statements by further observations", it is not science. Therefore, the difference between Popper's claim and earlier theories of what constitutes science may be in definition. Popper himself states (Klemke, 1988, p.27) that observations are interpretations relative to the theory one wishes to support (or refute). One must define one's terms so that the theory itself is clear and open to rebuttal or verification. Perhaps the conflict between the earlier criteria for science and Popper's criterion is one of clarity, not theory. Although traditional theory on what science consists of is viewed as inductive, it appears that at least some of the criteria are, in fact, deductive. Criterion (5) explicitly refers to deduction, and criterion (6) refers to verification of said deduction(s). It would seem that Popper's conflict with accepted theory may be relative to traditional criteria (1)- "making observations as accurate and definite as possible." If one approaches the criteria for science previously regarded to be inductive as deductive (since it is not science without all seven criteria being met), perhaps Popper's own claim (that in order to be scientific a claim must be falsifiable) is a test of the previous theory. Accordingly, if one approaches Popper's claim as an attempt to falsify the previous theory of the criteria for science, one may address his theory somewhat differently. In Popper's own words (Klemke, p.27), " ... we may reject a law or theory on the basis of new evidence without necessarily discarding the old evidence which originally led us to accept it.". Popper rejects induction as the method of science and offers an alternative method - deduction. Using Popper's falsifiability criterion, the common theory of science as inductive has been rebutted. Popper's observation and testing of induction as a criterion for science has suggested a new criterion.

The Gift I Cherish :: Personal Narratives Turkey Essays

The Gift I Cherish Right before Haldun went back to Turkey, he gave me a good luck charm that he brought here from home. The good luck charm was a hand made gift Haldun had received from his parents before coming here. I thought that this was the greatest thing ever, especially coming from one of my best friends. To make any sense of this, I would have to go back about nine months ago. It was the first day of school when I had my study hall in the cafeteria, I noticed a student which resembled an adult in his late 20’s. I knew he couldn’t be over 21 so I knew he couldn’t be in his late 20’s. he had hair over his ears, and a scruffy beard. I didn’t know him but I knew the people he was sitting with, so I proceeded to walk over to the table and say hi to the kids that I knew. The next day I also noticed him in my Government class. I had already sat down so I didn’t get to sit next to this anonymous person. So the next day in government, I made it a point to sit next to him and I did. I proceeded to introduce myself and we got to talk for a little and it was obvious he was foreign, but from where remained mysterious. He also told me his name was Haldun. After a few classes we got a chance to know a little bit about each other and I found out he was from Turkey. I also saw him in the weight room and we started talking a lot more. It was fun talking to him so I could always make fun of his English because it was so poor. The one day after we both finished lifting I saw him waiting at the school exit, so I asked if he drove and he said that he drives in Turkey but he isn’t allowed to drive here in America. Then he said he thought he missed the activity bus and he would have to wait for the next one to arrive. So I then told him that I drive and I could take him home.

Frederick Douglass Essay -- English Literature Essays

Frederick Douglass The narrative piece written by Frederick Douglass is very descriptive and, through the use of rhetorical language, effective in describing his view of a slave’s life once freed. The opening line creates a clear introduction for what is to come, as he state, â€Å" the wretchedness of slavery and the blessedness of freedom were perpetually before me.† Parallel structure is present here, to emphasize the sanctity he has, at this point in his life, associated with freedom and the life-long misery he has associated with slavery. This justifies what he chooses to do next, as he leaves his chains and successfully reaches New York, a free state. The metaphor used within this description is also effective, as chains give the reader a sense of prison, captivity, and a lack of freedom; this is exactly how Douglass felt as a slave. One simile used when describing how he feels when at last free, â€Å"as one may imagine the unarmed mariner to feel when he is rescued by a friendly man-of-war from the pursuit of a pirate.† This simile demonstrates the fear and anxiety each present within him as he enters this free state; as an unarmed mariner approaches a man-of-war, an armed battle ship, fear would undoubtedly be present, and as he is rescued by this armed battle ship the unarmed mariner would be likely to sense relief, however one wou ld still not know what to expect on this armed battle-ship; had he escaped his evil pirate, or merely entered into a worse danger? It is in th...

Financial Performance and Bank Efficiency: Comparison Between Conventional Banks and Sharia Banks Essay

This study aims to compare the financial performance and bank efficiency between conventional banks and sharia banks in Indonesia in the period of 2008-2011 by using financial ratios to measure the financial performance, as well as SFA (Stochastic Frontier Approach) to the measure bank efficiency. Financial ratios that are used are consisted of CAR, NPL, ROA, ROE, and LDR. Meanwhile variables that are used to measure the efficiency are receivables, placements with Bank Indonesia and other banks, third-party funds, and issued capital and fully paid capital. The samples consist of 11 conventional banks and 11 sharia banks. T-test is conducted to determine whether there is any significant difference in financial performance between sharia Banks and conventional Banks. The results of hypothesis testing and multiple regression analysis indicate that there are significant differences of CAR, ROA, ROE, profit efficiency between conventional banks and sharia banks. Keywords: financial perfor mance, bank efficiency, SFA, conventional banks, sharia bank. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan perbandingan kinerja keuangan serta efisiensi Bank Umum Konvensional dan Bank Umum Sharia di Indonesia pada periode 2008-2011 dengan menggunakan rasio keuangan untuk mengukur kinerja keuangan, serta SFA (Stochastic Frontier Approach) untuk mengukur efisiensi bank. Rasio keuangan yang digunakan terdiri dari CAR, NPL, ROA, ROE, dan LDR. Sedangkan variable untuk mengukur efisiensi laba diantaranya Pembiayaan yang diberikan, Penempatan pada Bank Indonesia dan bank lainnya, Dana pihak ketiga, dan Modal yang disetor dan dibayar penuh. Sampel yang digunakan adalah 11 Bank Konvensional dan 11 Bank Sharia. Uji t dilakukan untuk mengetahu apakah terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kinerja keuangan antara Bank Konvensional dan Bank Sharia. Hasil dari uji hipotesis dan regresi berganda tesebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan CAR, ROA, ROE, efisiensi laba diantara Bank Konvensional dan Bank Sharia. Kata kunci: kinerja keuangan, efisiensi bank, SFA, bank konvensional, bank syariah. INTRODUCTION It has been almost a quarter of century since the first sharia bank was established. Sharia banks not only have big expansion in Muslim countries, but also in Non-Muslim countries. Some people choose sharia banks because of the differences between conventional banks and sharia banks. Actually there are not many differences between them but, the main reason why people choose sharia banks is because there is no riba system like in conventional banks. In the discussion of banking in Indonesia, it is important to analyze the performance. Performance represents the condition of the bank, it represents whether the management of the bank can run the operational well or not. It is important for banks to measure their performance in order to be able to improve its service to satisfy the customers. There are several ways to assess bank’s performance. Performance evaluation is an important tool to assess the success of any business including sharia financial institution. In the performance evaluation, setting the bench mark is vital in order to make comparison between the desired and the actual performance. In 1979, the use of the CAMEL factors in evaluating a bank’s financial health has become well known among regulators. Piyu (1992) stated that financial ratios are often used to measure the overall financial sound of a bank and the quality of its management. Bank regulators, for example, use financial ratios to evaluate a bank’s performance as a part of the CAMELS system. CAMELS system consists of Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, and Sensitivity to market risk. An overall composite CAMELS rating, which is ranging from one to five is then developed from this evaluation. As a whole, the CAMELS rating, which is determined after an on-site examination, provides a means to categorize banks based on their overall health, financial status, and management. Another important aspect in measuring performance and competition in banking industries is efficiency. Efficiency is improved by reducing cost in production process or by increasing revenue. If there is a rapid change of financial structure, we have to identify the fund efficiency and revenue. Banks which is more efficient is hoped to be able to derive maximum profit and give better service quality for costumer. One of the ways to measure the efficiency of a bank is by using parametric approach with Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) through alternative profit efficiency. SFA has an advantage, which is it is able to compare other measurement methods that involve disturbance term. Disturbance term is representing disturbances, measurement error and exogenous shocks beyond the control, environment variables which are easily treated, possibility to conduct hypothesis testing by using statistical test, and ease in identifying the outliers. SFA efficiency value range is between 0 and 1. If the value of SFA equals to 1, it means that the bank’s performance is efficient. Meanwhile, if the value of SFA equals to 0, it means that the bank’s performance is inefficient. Banks’ efficiency is also needed as an important indicator to analyze bank’s performance and as a tool to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy. Generally, there are 3 basic concepts of efficiency model in banking sector. They are cost efficiency, standard profit efficiency, and alternative profit efficiency. PREVIOUS RESEARCH Islamic Banks Sole (2007) on his journal entitled Introducing Islamic Banks into Conventional Banking System. From his journal, can be concluded that over the last decade, Islamic banking has experienced global growth rates of 10-15 percent per annum. It has been moving into an increasing number of conventional financial systems at such a rapid pace that Islamic financial institutions are present today in over 51 countries. Despite this consistent growth, many supervisory authorities and finance practitioners remain unfamiliar with the process by which Islamic banks are introduced into a conventional system. Banks Performance Wirnkar (2008) on his journal entitled CAMELs and Banks Performance Evaluation: The Way Forward, said that the findings revealed the inability of each factor in CAMEL to capture the wholistic performance of a bank. Also revealed, was the relative weight of importance of the factors in CAMEL which resulted to a call for a change in the acronym of CAMEL to CLEAM. In addition, the best ratios in each of the factors in CAMEL were identified. For example, the best ratio for Capital Adequacy was found to be the ratio of total shareholders’ fund to total risk weighted assets. The paper concluded that no one factor in CAMEL suffices to depict the overall performance of a bank. Among other recommendations, banks’ regulators are called upon to revert to the best identified ratios in CAMEL when evaluating banks performance. Banks Efficiency Majid (2010) in his journal entitled Efficiency in Islamic and Conventional Banking: An International Comparison, can be concluded that he was with Saal and Battisti investigated the efficiency of a sample of Islamic and conventional banks in 10 countries that operate Islamic banking for the period 1996-2002, using an output distance function approach. They obtain measures of efficiency after allowing for environmental influences such as country macroeconomic conditions, accessibility of banking services and bank type. While these factors are assumed to directly influence the shape of the technology, we assume that country dummies and bank size directly influence technical inefficiency. The parameter estimates highlight that during the sample period, Islamic banking appears to be associated with higher input usage. Correlation between banks performance and banks efficiency Kosmidou (2008) on his journal entitled Measurement of Bank Performance in Greece can be conclu ded that banks have been forced to be more competitive and to implement bank rating systems to evaluate their financial risks. The present study evaluates the performance and efficiency of the commercial and cooperative banks in Greece for the period 2003-2004. The results obtained indicate that commercial banks are tending to increase their accounts, to attract more customers and ameliorate their financial indices, thereby becoming more competitive and maximizing their profits. Concerning the cooperative banks in Greece, the conclusions are not so uniform, since there are banks that are enjoying considerably increased profits and market shares, and others whose financial indices seem to be deteriorating. RESEARCH METHOD Type of Study This research use secondary data which gathered from several sources such as website of Bank Indonesia, website of each banks and contain all information needed. Then, the data analyzed by using SPSS. Population and Sample The populations in this research are conventional banks and sharia banks. Meanwhile, the samples are the banks (11 conventional banks and 11 sharia banks) listed in Bank Indonesia which have been published their financial report from 2008-2011. Research Variables In this study, the dependent variable is SFA (Stochastic Frontier Approach) while the independent variables are CAR, ROA, ROE, NPL, LDR, receivables, third party fund, placement in Bank Indonesia and other banks, and issued capital & fully paid capital. ANALYSIS Classical Assumption Test Multicollinearity Test: The result showed that all of the independent variables used in this research have tolerance value greater than 0.10 and VIF less than 10. Thus, , independent variables are free from multicollinearity symptoms or there is no multicollinearity among the independent variables. Autocorrelation Test: Based on the result of Durbin Watson test, it is known that Durbin Watson value is 1.368 which is between -2 to 2. It means that there is no autocorrelation in the regression model. Heteroscedasticity Test: The graph scatter plot shown that that there is no clear pattern and the points spread above or below the number 0. Then, it can be stated that there is no heterocedasticity. The result of T-Test The independent t-test result obtained for CAR is -2.329, with the probability of 0.022 which less than ÃŽ ±=0.05. Thus, the first hypothesis in this study which states that â€Å"There is significant difference in CAR between conventional and sharia banks in Indonesia† is supported. The independent t-test results obtained for NPL is 1.494, with the probability of 0.139 which is greater than ÃŽ ±=0.05. Thus, the second hypothesis in the study which states that â€Å"There is significant difference in NPL between conventional and sharia banks in Indonesia† is not supported. The independent t-test results obtained for ROA is 2.278 with a probability of 0.025 which is less than ÃŽ ±=0.05. Thus, the third hypothesis which states that â€Å"There is significant difference in ROA between conventional and sharia banks in Indonesia† is supported. The independent t-test results obtained for ROE is 4.040 with the probability of 0.000 which less than ÃŽ ±=0.05. Thus, the fourth hypothesis in the study which states that â€Å"There is significant difference in ROE between conventional and sharia banks in Indonesia† is supported. The independent t-test results obtained for LDR is -1.275 with the probability of 0.206 which is greater than ÃŽ ±=0.05. Thus, the fifth hypothesis which states that â€Å"There is significant difference in LDR between conventional and sharia banks in Indonesia† is not supported. The independent t-test results obtained for efficiency ratio (SFA) is 4.345 with the probability of 0.000 which is less than ÃŽ ±=0.05. Thus, the sixth research hypothesis which states that â€Å"There is efficiency difference between conventional banks and sharia banks in Indonesia† is supported. Multiple Regression analysis result The equation is as follows: SFA = 0,368 – 0,001CAR + 0,071NPL + 0,022ROA + 0,008ROE + 0,001LDR + 0,002REC + 0,00018PBI + 0,00004TPF + 0,002ISSUED + ÃŽ µ The the relationship between bank’s performance and bank’s efficiency is indicated by the multiple correlation coefficient (R) which is equal to 0.674. This means that there is a strong relation ship between the bank’s performance and bank’s efficiency. To clarify whether the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variables are significant or not, it can be tested with the F test. The test showed that F value is 7.213 with the probability 0.000 which is less than ÃŽ ±=0.05. This shows that the Sig F is smaller than the 0.05 value thus, the performance of banks as measured by CAR, NPL, ROA, ROE, LDR, receivable, placement with Bank Indonesia and other banks, third parties fund, and issued capital and fully paid capital are simultaneously related to the efficiency of banks. Thus, the seventh hypothesis which stated that â€Å"There is influence between bank’s performance and bank’s efficiency† is supported. CLOSING Conclusion Based on the result of data processing, there are some conclusions: 1. There is significant difference between sharia banks and conventional banks in terms of CAR. This study finds that sharia banks’ CAR is greater than conventional banks. 2. There is no significant difference of financial performance between sharia banks and conventional banks in terms of the NPL ratio. This means that NPL in sharia banks are equal to conventional banks, which all banks have NPLs below 5%. 3. There is significant difference between sharia banks and conventional banks in terms of ROA. The difference that occur shows that the conventional banks’ ROA is higher than sharia banks which means that the ability of conventional banks in earning profit based on the owned asset is higher than sharia banks’. 4. There is significant difference between the profitability performances of sharia banks and conventional banks in terms of ROE. The difference that occurs shows that conventional banks’ ROE is higher than sharia banks. It means tha t the ability of conventional banks in earning profit based on the owned equity is higher than sharia banks. 5. There is no significant difference in the performance of banks on LDR (Loan to Deposit Ratio). This means the liquidity of sharia banks and conventional banks are equal. 6. There is significant difference in bank efficiency between sharia banks and conventional banks in terms of SFA. In this case, conventional banks are more efficient compare to sharia banks because their SFA value is higher compare to sharia banks’. 7. Banks’ performance has influence on banks’ efficiency. This means that the higher performance of the bank, the more efficient the bank in conducting its operations. Among all of the performance ratios, they are NPL and ROE that have significant influence on efficiency. Meanwhile for the CAR, ROA, LDR, Receivable, Placement with Bank Indonesia and other Banks, Third Parties Fund, and Capital Issued does not have significant influence on bank’s efficiency. Research Limitation This research focused on comparing conventional bank and sharia bank on the basis of financial performance by using CAEL only, because the data used is just financial ratio and effectiveness using SFA. The financial performance and effectiveness can be assessed by analyzing the annual report published by Bank Indonesia. This research uses annual reports from 2008 to 2011 and quarterly data, taken from 11 sharia Banks and 11 well known conventional banks. Recommendations Some suggestions for the future research on this topic based on the limitation that researcher found are mentioned as follows: 1. For Sharia Banks, this research found that sharia banks have lower profitability ratio and efficiency compare to conventional banks. Thus, the researcher would like to recommend sharia banks to increase those ratios by minimizing bank’s operational costs, improving the market to get more customer through innovative sharia products. 2. For Conventional Banks, this research found that conventional banks have lower capital aspect compare to sharia banks. Thus, they need to reduce credit risk by improving credit management in order to reduce the value of risk-weighted assets (RWA). 3. For Banks in general, to improve the efficiency of the bank’s performance, banks should improve the overall performance, both from the capital, assets, management, earnings and liquidity 4. For the Future Researchers, this study uses only five ratios in measuring the bank’s financial performance, the future researchers should use more ratios to measure performance. REFERENCES Abustan. (2009). Analisa Perbandingan Kinerja Keuangan Perbankan Sharia dengan Perbankan Konvensional, Retrieved December 24, 2012, from : http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_eUXttjW3VgJ:www.gunadara.ac.id/librar y/articles/graduate/economy/2009 Alphonsius, W. & Tanko, M. (June 24, 2008). CAMELs and Banks Performance Evaluation: The Way Forward. Social Science Research Network. Retrieved April 15, 2012, from http://ssrn.com/abstract=1150968 Endang Sumachdar and Hariandy Hasbi. (2010). Financial Performance Analysis for Islamic Rural Bank to Third Party Funds and The Comparation with Conventional Rural Bank in Indonesia. International Conference on Business and Economics Research. Retrieved April 18, 2012, from http://www.ipedr.com/vol1/67G00011.pdf Mohd, I., Mazlina, N.,