How Texting Affects Our Life Essay

There is no denying that instant text messaging is very important in our live. Most of us could not even imagine our daily life without texting. This is the quickest and easiest method of communication, most popular among young people. Several years ago to suddenly organize with friends was quite difficult, especially when our friends lived in different part of the city. Currently we need only a few minutes to send them all messages in the blink of an eye to determine where and what we will do. Text massages helps us a lot, but seems to me that in some sense also limit our ability to conduct interviews in private. Some people use short messages to break out the relationship or even layoff someone from work. Texting is also changing the importance of grammar and correct spelling and the most importantly it easily distract us very quickly. People who use text messages often are more likely to lose the habit of conversation in private. When we talking with someone through text messages, our ability to decipher what they mean, the emotion in their words is curtailed. For example, when a teenage girl is receiving a text message from her boyfriend, which Includes words like: â€Å"I love you, I missed you†, etc., she might be exited, but she won’t be sure if that is sincere. But if the same words are spoken face to face, they will be able to decipher their body language and right or wrong intentions. Texting has also negative consequences when it comes to grammar and spelling, because people simply do not know how to write formally and accurately. Grammar, spelling, syntax, abbreviation, they do not matter anymore, which is why texting is more popular in the younger generation. For example, a teenager who is used to write informally is more likely to fail grade in formal writing exam. When a word from a text messages is used in an inappropriate situation, like business email, it may seem unprofessional or simply be interpreted as a lack of intelligence. The most important reason why I believe texting affect our lives is because it easily distracts us. When you are always trying to be in two places at  once, you are really not in neither. For example, if we are sitting in class, the teacher is talking, and someone’s phone goes off. Everyone looks around wildly and the person does all he or she can to try to silence the phone. Some may wonder who could text student during school hours, but most likely was another student texting to each other. That student tried to pay attention in class and at the same time text someone else. As a result he has learned nothing and scattered the attention of other students. Texting seems to be not harmful at first glance. However, after careful consideration of the topic is worth considering frequent use of texting. Subconsciously may be the cause of many unwanted and unnecessary problems.

Linking Verbs

Who could forget the time when one needed a person to serve as a â€Å"bridge† to another person or to something? Also, people have relatives and they are connected by their immediate family members to these relatives. For example, a person is related or â€Å"linked† to his/her grandfather through his/her mother or father. Thus, the link is the parent for this instance. The same is true with verbs for there are the so-called â€Å"linking verbs.† These linking verbs are considered to be the part of the sentence or phrase which â€Å"implies state of being or condition for the subject, [and] not action† (â€Å"Linking Verbs†). To put it more clearly, the linking verb is included in a sentence to connect two different parts of the sentence. In addition to this, the linking verb tries to connect the subject to the parts of the sentence to which it is related (â€Å"Action Verbs and Linking Verbs†). In our previous example of relatives and families, an analogy may be made between the parents and the linking verbs for the two seek to connect two different things or persons. Examples of linking verbs include â€Å"am, is, are, was, were, has been, are being, might have, been, etc† which are forms of the verb â€Å"be,† â€Å"become,† and â€Å"seem† and all of these are considered to be always linking verbs in their sense (â€Å"The Linking Verb†). It is easy to identify the linking verbs for without these, there would be lesser thought to the sentence if none at all. Taking this statement as an example, â€Å"The blue sky is my source of inspiration in finishing my painting† would show that –is serves as the linking verb. It links the blue sky to the phrase â€Å"source of inspiration.† When one is given such sentence, it would be very easy to discern that it is the blue sky is the source of inspiration because of the inking verb. Imagine deleting the linking verb for the statement. It might give a general and vague idea that may be understood by some but can not entirely be discerned. The linking verb may be used for three instances, which is to link the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective (â€Å"Linking Verbs†). An example of a linking verb that connects the subject with a noun is â€Å"Ana is a queen of her own dreams.† Could you identify the subject and the noun? Indeed, Ana is the subject and the word queen is the noun to which the subject, Ana, is connected. Going to the next, which is connecting the subject to a pronoun, a statement that could be used as an example would be â€Å"The big mansion down the road is his.† In that statement, the big mansion is connected to the pronoun â€Å"his† and this shows that the big mansion is owned by the man referred to in the statement. Lastly, the linking verb is used to connect the subject to the adjective which it is related to. For example, â€Å"The steps she made towards the aisle were as graceful as ever.† The subject here is the word â€Å"steps† and the linking verb is â€Å"were† and this is connected to the adjective â€Å"graceful.† Aside from discussing the purpose of the linking verb, it is also important to take note of when the action occurred to be able to place the correct linking verb. Linking verbs are important in constructing sentences with thought. In one whole page of words, it could be seen that linking verbs play an important role in weaving the ideas together and to show the relationships between the two. Never forsake the usefulness of the linking verb for, though it may only be a few words, it surely makes the difference for the whole thought. Works Cited The Linking Verb. Robin L. Simmons. 23 March 2008 [http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/linkingverb.htm]. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs. 28 April 2002. Gallaudet University, Washington, DC. 23 March 2008 [http://depts.gallaudet.edu/englishworks/grammar/actionlinking.htm]. Linking Verbs. Keelee Weinhold. 23 March 2008 [http://grammar.uoregon.edu/verbs/linking.html].

Lipman Bottle Company Essay

Synopsis Lipman Bottle Company, the leading bottle distribution company in Albany, New York started distributing bottles of large bottle manufacturers on 1909. From then on, they started to adapt to the changes in the bottling industry such as the use of plastics, which prove to be profitable on their end. They grab the opportunity to distribute and print bottles with different shapes and sizes for clients who liked the convenience of their dual services. Their track record became unstable when the US economy got worse and competitors opted to cut prices of their products. Robert Lipman, the vice president of the company, realized that they have no choice but to cut prices as well so they can keep up the competition. However, he was unsure on how to cut the prices or what products he must cut so that they could survive the economic downfall. He also stated that one way to keep the business going was if they could spread their distribution to pharmaceutical and cosmetics manufacturers. Statement of the Problem What pricing must Lipman Bottle Company adapt in order to achieve the goal of 30% margin? Objectives The objective of the case study is to determine the correct pricing that Lipman Bottle Company must adapt to ensure that they would continue to be profitable and achieve the company’s goal of reaching 30% margin. Analysis and Solution Variable costs were computed per 1,000 bottles were computed based on the different combinations given on the case. Tables 1-2 shows the variable costs for Albany while Tables 3-4 shows the variable costs for the New York-New Jersey market: Table 1. Variable costs of smaller size bottles for Albany Market Table 2. Variable costs of bigger size bottles for Albany Market Table 3. Variable costs of smaller size bottles for New York-New Jersey Market Table 4. Variable costs of bigger size bottles for New York-New Jersey Market After which, we derived the break even prices for each combinations and the recommended prices based on Mr. Lipman’s goal of 30% margin: Table 5. Break even prices for smaller size bottles, Albany Market Table 6. Break even prices for bigger size bottles, Albany Market Table 7. Break even prices for smaller size bottles, New Jersey-New York Market Table 8. Break even prices for bigger size bottles, New Jersey-New York Market How did the Mr. Lipman’s goal of a 30% margin at capacity affect your price recommendation? Comparing the increase and decrease of prices among three production scenarios, the 30% margin will reflect an increase of 23% on price from 1 separation to 2 separation round due to the addition in labor. Whereas, a projected decrease of 16% from 2 separation round to 2 separation oval because of the labor conversion to semi-automatic Table 9. Prices (with 30% mark up) for small bottles, Albany – Lower size (0-1 oz) Same principle follows when you refer to the table for big bottles. Table 10. Prices (with 30% mark up) for big bottles, Albany – Bigger size (17-32 oz) Table 11. Prices (with 30% mark up) for small bottles, New York-New Jersey – Small size (0-1 oz) Table 12. Prices (with 30% mark up) for bigger bottles, New York-New Jersey – Bigger size (17-32 oz) In spite of charging a higher price for 2 separation round, it may seem that it is more profitable with the New Jersey Higher Size with $105.37. But in reality, the $95.66 will have more profit compared to $105.37 because  assuming that at 95.66 per unit, you multiply it with 100,000, which is the minimum production, you will still profit more because of the quantity. And to add, the cost of production is much lower compared to producing less like what was charged to New Jersey Higher Size with 5,000 – 9,999.

Aviation Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aviation Safety - Assignment Example The twelve human factors associated with accidents have been dubbed the Dirty Dozen model. Gordon Dupont, in 1993, came up with this concept while working in Canada and initiated a human performance in airplane maintenance and training programs. This has since served as a keystone of human factors in airplane maintenance. Although the Dirty Dozen does not provide the most comprehensive list of factors that underlie airplane accidents, it offers a useful starting point to discuss the human error in crises and mishaps. Dirty Dozen has model has led to increased concern in human errors behind airline accidents (Wise et al. 2011). Indeed, by addressing human factors, airlines are becoming safer by the day. This paper presents an analysis of the Dirty Dozen model in connection to the Alaska Airline’s accident, which left passengers and crewmembers in flight 261 dead. This paper also shows the role that this model plays in preventing airline accidents. Alaska Airlines reported a serious accident on 31 January 2000 when McDonnell Douglas, flight 261, crashed and killed 83 passengers, 2 pilots and 3 crewmembers. The accident that occurred in the Pacific Ocean around 4.3 kilometers parts of Anacapa Island left the plane completely damaged because of the impact. Flying from Diaz to California, Flight 261 was to have several stops that complied with aviation regulations. Visual weather-related situations prevailed for the airline as shown by meteorological flight instruments. A thorough investigation followed the accident, and the National Transportation Safety Board presented the possible cause of the mishap (NTSB 2000). An analysis of the National Transportation Safety Board showed that the possible because of an airplane crash was a loss of the pitch control for the aircraft.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Ethics - Essay Example As with all opinions, just because they are diverse, does not mean that one is right, or one is wrong. Aristotle’s views, while not necessarily congruent with Plato’s views, do show a strong influence as a result of what Plato taught. Plato’s discourses are heavily influenced by the Pre-Socratics and Sophists, and none too little influenced by Socrates himself, however, while they may show those influences, the views are entirely his own. Plato’s primary literary form was the dialogue; he would use two characters of opposing sides arguing each point with the other in order to show both sides of the philosophical question and in doing so, allow his true views to show through. In The Allegory of the Cave, an excerpt from Plato’s Republic, the reader receives some insight into what Plato believes â€Å"the good life† to be. Plato speaks first of the State, and discussing how it can be tailored to be the best that it can be, speaking of how †Å"the State in which the rules are most reluctant to govern is always the best and most quietly governed, and the State in which they are most eager, the worst (The Allegory of the Cave, 4).† This is one of the more influential teachings of Plato’s in relation to Aristotle, something that will be touched upon later. Plato, still in The Allegory of the Cave, discusses Homer’s perspective, â€Å"Better to be a poor servant of a poor master, and to endure anything, rather than think as they do and live after their manner? Yes, he said, I think that he would rather suffer anything than entertain these false notions and live in this miserable manner† (6). Plato refers to the concept discussed regarding those whose eyes are not yet opened to the fact that the shadows are not reality; that anything at all would be better than to remain under the false impression that the shadows dancing on the wall are all that is there, are all that is real. He would rather have enlightenment, knowledge, and suffer, than to remain in the dark forever, thus showing that one characteristic of â€Å"the good life† in his view, is knowledge. A key insight into Plato’s view comes along towards the end of The Allegory of the Cave when he pronounces â€Å"they who are truly rich, not in silver and gold, but in virtue and wisdom, which are the true blessings of life† (10), showing that in order to have it good, one must have virtue and wisdom, before any form of monetary wealth, in order to be considered to have a high quality of life. It is not just Plato’s Republic, however, that shows what his opinions are on what is good and what is right; one must look to Plato’s other works in order to find out more. Plato took it upon himself to write of Socrates, and the trial which took place during his life. Socrates had a habit of not writing down any of his teachings, preferring instead to spending the time teaching others to question the world as he did. Among Plato’s other works were the Euthyphro, the Apology, and the Crito; these works speak of the trial, the sentencing, the imprisonment and the death of Socrates. Based upon the way that Plato has written these discourses, in fact, the way that he wrote all of his works, it is a task of relative ease to pull key phrasing from these dialogues, in order to find out more about what Plato considers to be â€Å"the good life.† In the Euthyphro, Plato makes it clear that distinction is important. It is not enough to know generally of what a thing is,

Law Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law Cases - Essay Example Additionally, it questions if limiting specific conduct, can be due to an opinion that is unpopular. South Carolina Supreme Court decision was that the state had no power to arrest and charge the demonstrators totally based on the opinions they were expressing. The court indicated that the defendants were convicted of an offense that was general in nature and not of exact definition. The Supreme Court thus reversed the decision of the State Trial Court. Due to lack of hostility on the side of demonstrators as well as spectators in addition to lack of clear evidence that the traffic flow was disturbed by the demonstrators made the Supreme Court to reverse the decision. According to the Supreme Court, the state suppressed the demonstrator’s freedom of speech. The case involved Florida A&M students who demonstrated in a non-public drive near a jailhouse premises. Despite being warned by the sheriff, they continued with the demonstrations leading to the arrest of 107 students. After being convicted by Florida Circuit Court as well as the District Court of Appeals, the petitioners indicated that they were denied fourteenth amendments rights. The major issue in this case is to determine whether or not the students had the right to engage in a demonstration on non-public premises. Another issue was to determine whether the jailhouse is included in the category of public office. According to the Supreme Court, the drives as well as the jailhouse premises are not in the category of public property. Since the petitioners had no intention of seeking service from the jail the abatement argument was dismissed. During the hearing, violation of constitutional rights was not perceived to have an impact on the case. During this case, the reasoning was that the state has the right to enforce its rules to protect the ground that is private. There lacked recorded evidence

Islamic Fundamentalists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic Fundamentalists - Essay Example From a NATO perspective, the Cold War has given way to the War on Terror (Baylis & Smith 2005). Today, developed countries fear terrorist attacks from Islamic fundamentalists, while many in the Middle East fear amoral, mindless consumerism and even bellicose, forcible takeovers spawned from developed countries. A phenomenon emerged from Afghanistan appeared on the world stage in the mid 1990s introducing yet another new term (like fatwa a few decades back) to world journalism: Taliban (Brenda and James 2004, pg. 1). The word itself comes from talib, or student in Arabic, but in the West it took on the connotation of an extremist, fundamentalist, violent transnational terrorist group of young Muslim fanatics. They were initially a response against the local criminals in Afghanistan after the extraction of Soviet troops and the conquest of American-and-Pakistani-supported mujahedeens over the Soviet-supported Afghani administration in Kabul in 1992 (Ahmad 2006). It was formed by a small number of Islamic priests who belonged to Pakhtuns, the dominant ethnic group both of Southern Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan. Based in Kandahar in South-Western Afghanistan, the Taliban increased critical support from Pakistan's influential intelligences, whose incentive was in part to stabilize the trucking routes to Central Asia. With that assistance, the Taliban transformed some early Robin Hood-like actions in opposition to the warlords into a messianic goal to transform all Afghanistan in line with a particularly fundamentalist Islamic vision. The Taliban were a major force in Afghan politics. There were neither tribal chiefs nor members of the royal families who once held sway. Mostly belonging to one ethnic group, male and young, narrowly minded trained in Pakistan's religious seminaries and burning with a desire to impose southern towns of Afghanistan before capturing Kabul in the late 1990s and established a harsh and uneasy control over most of the countries (Brenda and James 2004). As they were predominantly Pukhtun in their ethnic background and they tended to target non-Pukhtuns the latter remained rebellious especially in Northern areas. The official orders of the Taliban against women - they should be covered in public, immediately return to their homes and leave their jobs - and the total banning of television convinced the world that here was a primitive form of Islamic fundamentalism which the Iranian variety appear benign (Brenda and James 2004, pg. 134). It sent shivers down the spine of the rich elite in neighbouring Pakistan in case the Taliban germs spread south (pg. 135). By the late 1990s although the killings continued Afghanistan had an uneasy truce punctuated by acts of violence and anarchy. But a civil society and government structure were still far from forming. Relations with outsiders remained prickly. There was a constant friction with United Nations agencies as the Taliban, with little idea of modern statehood, interfered with their running until many packed up and left Kabul in exasperation (pg. 138). The moment that the Twin Towers in New York fell, Islam and terrorism became inextricably linked. As an example, there was the sensationalized reporting of the aid worker John McClintock, a convert to Islam, as the 'Tartan

What concepts and theories best capture the predicament of forced Essay

What concepts and theories best capture the predicament of forced migrants in the 21st century - Essay Example This presents a challenge, as countries who are absorbing an influx of voluntary migrants may not have enough economic opportunities for the forced migrants. Additionally, because the same conditions exist for the voluntary and the forced migrants, forced migrants may have difficult attaining refugee status, which means that they might not be accepted by the receiving country. A forced migrant is somebody who is forced to leave their home to seek refuge because of the possibility of being persecuted in their home country (Davenport et al., 2003). They may either seek refuge inside the borders of their own country, in which case they are internally displaced or in another country, in which case they are refugees (Castles, 2003, p. 5). The first kind of migration examined will be that of forced migration. There are many types of forced migrants. Refugees is one type, and these are people who have been displaced because of war in their home country (Castles, 2003, p. 5). They can be contrasted with æ ® ¿sylum seekers,in that every country has the right to define what constitutes a refugee, and every government must grant a person the status of refugee. Therefore, an individual is granted the status of æ ® ¿sylum seekeruntil the government grants them the status of 途efugee(Castles, 2003, p. 7). Refugees may also refer to persons who leave their home country for fear of persecution on the basis of race, religion, nationality or membership of a particular social group or political opinion (Davenport et al., 2003, p. 28). While the refugees are individuals who seek asylum from a country other than their home country, internally displaced migrants are slightly different, according to Adelman (2001). Adelman (2001) states that the internally displaced also leave their homes because of fear of persecution, like refugees, but, unlike refugees, the internally

Case IV, Black and Decker International Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IV, Black and Decker International - Case Study Example More importantly, it is realized that the organization has the ability to establish a strong base in the world in this particular industry. Black & Decker International Question 1 Indeed, Black & Decker has been much successful in its bid to expand its operations across the world. The acquisition of the Emhart Corporation created a wave of opportunities for the organization in terms of harnessing new markets and gaining from the increased pool of employees. In any case, Grunewald's plan of creating a global business venture from this acquisition can certainly become a reality in the context of the emerging situations. It should also be remembered that the plan to expand operations following the acquisition of the Emhart Corporation brought with it a new set of challenges which had to be addressed before any positive results could be deduced. Therefore, it is imperative to note that Grunewald's plan was a positive move, considering that all organizations should always aspire to expand beyond borders. It only calls for proper and effective strategies in place in order to steer operations and realize the ultimate goals of the organization. Considering the turbulent nature of the operations in the organization, any future plans intended for the success of the organization are certainly welcome. ... Several factors certainly favor Grunewald in his decision to expand operations and establish a global venture. The lock business will enable the organization to diversify its operations and realize a wide operational base. In the same way, the globalization momentum offers a good ground for the expansion process as it will provide the basic framework for the expansion of operations (Gale, 2009). Black & Decker has a solid international base which will greatly help in building a global ground. The acquisition of Emhart creates the need for a complete restructuring of all the operations in order to facilitate progress. The door hardware industry was hitherto dominated by firms which relied on old traditions that separately emphasized security, systems and technology. In this case, the entry of Black & Decker into the market with a new set of operations will effectively enable it to win much of the market with products that are focused on the entire market segments. In order to succeed in any market, it is important to have a thorough grasp of all the operations of the market and be well acquainted with all the dimensions of competitors, customers and product needs (Laszlo & Laugel, 2000). Considering these imperatives, Black & Decker has been at the forefront in acquiring such information and will therefore effectively benefit from the knowledge. The most important aspect in this expansion is the fact that the establishment of global operations will increase the revenue base and the profit for the organization which will ultimately provide the impetus for further growth and expansion (Connor & Lake, 2002). Like any major global expansions, the global lock business will face a number of challenges in the process.

Business and Accounting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business and Accounting Ethics - Essay Example The main purpose of business ethics is to maintain a code of conduct which reinforces consumer confidence in the business. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has put down ethical guidelines for accounting. The AICPA's first principle of professional conduct states: "In carrying out their responsibilities as professionals, members should exercise sensitive professional and moral judgments in all their activities." The Golden Rule is this that one should live their life with integrity and bearing a sound moral character. Success cannot be measured by the acquisition of money only. A 1987 survey of corporate executives administered by Touche Ross revealed that two thirds believed that high ethical standards improve a firm's competitive position but felt that "increased concentration on short-term earnings" and "decay in cultural and social institutions" are major threats to business ethics. [1] Ethics must be the cornerstone of every business. This applies to my real estate and loan brokerage businesses aptly. The article stresses on transparency and pursuing good moral values in order to earn long term benefits. Ethics is also essential in building trust and confidence in the public for your business. Real Estate businesses have to do with direct interaction with the customers. Ethics is especially relevant here.

Superfund Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Superfund - Research Paper Example The result is the superfund, specifically which is placing funding and aid to stop the toxins and chemicals from being dumped into various regions. The approach is one which is furthered by the pressured cleanups by corporations throughout the different regions. This paper will examine the approach which is being taken by the EPA and how this is linking to the superfund. Background of the Superfund The superfund was established in New York City in 1980. It consists of a program that is based on offering monetary support and initiatives to clean up toxic waste and chemicals that are hazardous around the area. The project began after it was noted that over 22,000 tons of toxic waste were dumped by Niagara Falls, New York, in the known Love Canal. The Love Canal was completed and purchased for the use of different environmental needs. However, corporations began to pile toxic waste and chemicals into the canal. After the inability to move the toxins, the corporations covered the canal a nd sold this to the city of New York for $1. After a certain period of time, an explosion resulted from the large amount of chemicals and toxins in the area. The Love Canal continues to be hazardous for the environmental area it surrounds and directly affects the land which one is in. The superfund was established to force companies to clean up these areas and to tax those who were not complying with the law. Today, over 1,000 sites have been cleaned with billions of dollars being spent. Over 70% of the funds are going to corporations that began to the toxic waste and chemical buildup. The money is combined with government initiatives and companies which are linked to the polluted sites (New York Times, 2011). The initiatives which began with the funds and the need to clean up various areas has continued with specific policies and procedures offered by the Environmental Protection Agency. The bill was originally introduced by a bipartisan leadership group of senators and passed by t he Senate with limiting measures for the cleanup. The House amended this and approved the final alternatives in 1980 through S.1341. However, it was also noted that the final bill and law was sidetracked and moved into different departments because of the other proposals taken earlier. In the Carter Administration, a similar bill was being passed, specifically which was based on toxic waste and oil spill cleanup. This bill had been bypassed during the time because of other political objectives which would not provide the right cleanup. The problem which arose then created Congress to approve the bill with limited measures from the past history, specifically to take care of the problem with the Love Canal without considering the overall task of the Superfund and the extra requirements and provisions from the final bill and law which would be passed. This has led to a variety of amendments as well as questions of responsibility, taxation and corporate responsibility linked to the main bill (Grad, 1982). The approach which was taken in 1980 and the outcomes have resulted in political economics that have become a part of the Superfund and initiatives which have been taken. The approach which is now being taken is to develop the activities as a space for the contaminated sites that are continuing to have waste, as opposed to being active in the continuous dumping of the

Ethiopian Egyptian peasant Essay Example for Free

Ethiopian Egyptian peasant Essay I. Introduction In any civilization the peasants are always the backbone of the economy. They were the ones who produced the food needed for survival and commerce and lend labor to build great empires. By the sweat of their brow they toil and labor in the land unceasingly. The fruit of their labors not only sustain the economy but also enabled the ruling monarch or leaders to live, if not luxurious, then at least comfortable lives. However, in spite of the peasants’ backbreaking labors and the importance of their job in any civilized society, the royalty or appointed rulers did not reward their efforts accordingly but sadly down through the centuries subjected the peasants to so many abuses and neglect. This paper will specifically discuss the relationships existing between the rulers/ government to the Ethiopian and Egyptian peasants before the 1800’s. It can be seen that the relationship was more on dictatorship made possible through religious, physical and intellectual enslavement. Naturally, such a relationship subjected the peasants to poverty  Ã‚   and hardships. II. The Egyptians Peasants Like the rest of the ancient world, the Egyptian people lived an agricultural life. Such a life seemed so far removed from the common stories heard about Egypt; the glory of its treasures and pyramids. Egypt’s glorious past connotes an image of ancient Egyptians living more advanced, luxurious lives, as if all they do was to gather treasures   and eat in abundance; well, in some sense they are true, but only for their rulers, noble families, and priests. The rest of the Egyptian population of long ago, especially before the 1800’s, were poor peasants who have to rely on the predictability of the Nile flooding to plant and harvest crops. The peasants (fellahin) however, were very much connected to the glories of Egypt for it was their â€Å"constant, persevering, unacknowledged, often despised, and always ill-rewarded toil as tiller of the land that made possible all the achievements of Egypt ensuring for it a leading position among the nations of preclassical antiquity.† Needless to say, it was the sweat of the fellahin that   produced the great pyramids, jewelry and treasures to Egypt, that   provided the luxurious living of their Pharaoh and ruling families and that made possible all of   Egypt’s military conquest, commercial expansion and influence and prestige abroad( Donadoni 1). III. Relationship of the Fellahin to their Pharaoh / government The relationship of the Fellahin to the Pharaoh/ government was more of a dictatorship; a religious, physical and intellectual enslavement that was carried on for almost three historic centuries. Like other early civilizations, Egypt had their own specific class system. At the top of the class stood Pharaoh and his royal family, then directly next to him were the priests and priestess, and then below them were the nobles who fought Pharaoh’s war. A small percentage of merchants, artisans and scribes made up the next rank. Then occupying the bottom of the ladder is the majority of the population, the fellahin. In ancient Egypt, Pharaoh was regarded as both a god and leader. Belief in the Pharaoh’s divinity and immortality developed during the reign of Menes around 3100 B.C. who by then establishes the first dynasty of rulers. Since then providing for their Pharaoh’s present and afterlife increasingly became the business of his subjects. This belief had become a tool to religiously enslave the fellahin, who paid their taxes without much complaint and  Ã‚   were then always called upon to build tombs and pyramids for the next life of their Pharaoh. The fellahin of the past thought it rather unseemly to disobey their Pharaoh in view of his divinity (Perry 46). It is very amusing to note that the Egyptians correlate the Pharaoh’s divine power to the flooding of the Nile River. They believed that the Pharaoh had the power to control the flooding of the Nile, that it was him who was responsible for the regular floods that would water Egypt’s land and make it possible to have a prosperous agriculture. A prosperous agriculture increases the Pharaoh’s popularity among the fellahin for it  Ã‚   means that they have food to eat. No one then dares to anger their â€Å"divine† Pharaoh for it would mean famine (Butler 2007). Then to ensure that their Pharaoh will have a comfortable journey in the afterlife the fellahin built enormous tombs and pyramids for him (Perry 47). Some historians argued that the building of these enormous monuments was done through unpaid labor; others believed that they were paid in doing this task. Whichever is the case, it could not be denied that the Egyptian peasants were expected to perform the job during the time when Egypt’s land was flooded and the labor was exacted through a religious persuasion. In view of most ancient civilizations, leading the people to believe that their rulers were of divine origin was an effective way to make them obey their ruler’s rules, whether it was justifiable or not. It was a form of religious enslavement, taking advantage over the subjects fear or reverence of a Divine Being. After a religious enslavement, it would then be fairly easy to enslave the fellahin physically. For three historic centuries, the fellahin sustained the economy of Egypt. Practically from birth to death, they spend their whole lifetime in tilling the land irregardless of who the owners were (more often than not there was always a change in land ownership in certain periods of their life span). In theory, the Pharaoh owned all the land in Egypt but in practice he allowed them to be looked after by temple priests and landlords. Nevertheless, taxes were compulsory. The fellahin were assigned a plot of land from which to grow barley and wheat. Before harvest the season tax assessors would dutifully inspect the ripening crops. They would routinely measure the fields every year, comparing yields for each time interval. They would then calculate the area under cultivation, test the samples of the grain and based from the issue of the receipts of the seeds being utilized judge the quality of the crop, whether it yielded as was expected. The tax collector would then proceed to make an estimation of the outcome of the harvest and then imposed a 20% tax. With them using such technique, it would be impossible for the fellahin to fool them. And at the same time it provided an added pressure for the part of fellahin to attain such an expected calculated yield. When harvest time came, the winnowed grain was measured into baskets or sacks, and the scribes then enters the picture, ever ready and eager to count and record the quantity of the baskets or sack before they were stored in the granaries. Afterwards, the scribes and granary officials’ mathematical mind began to work by â€Å"calculating the capacity of a granary and hence the value of the grain stored within it, and the comparative values of bread and beer based on the cost of their ingredients†. Those who were unable to pay or were delayed in their payments were subjected to capital punishment. Such ancient information was gleaned by historians through the paintings on the walls of the tombs of the kings. Farmers were seen being beaten because of their failures to comply in taxation (Parson 1995). Another example of fellahin physical enslavement was attained through the corvee. While waiting for the harvest, the peasant men were expected to do the corvee. A corvee is â€Å"a system of forced, unpaid state service, exacted from the peasants for specific tasks such as construction and maintenance of roads, irrigation canals, dikes and sluices, the erection of large buildings, temples, pyramids, army duty, and mining or stone working in the quarries†( Parson 1995). Pyramid building was the most physically taxing of all for it involved the hard labor of excavating stone blocks, hauling stones to the site and setting them, masonry work, painting and sculpting (Perry 47). It is pretty obvious that the reason why it was easy for the rulers to religiously and physically enslave the fellahin was because of their illiteracy. In most, if not all civilizations, illiteracy was the greatest tool of the powerful rulers for intellectual enslavement for they were able to hide reality and truth from their subjects. The proof of the illiteracy of the fellahin can be observed by their inability to leave no written records of themselves; their thoughts, aspirations, cares and dreams. Knowledge about them were made possible only through the vivid portrayal of epigraphic sources such as paintings, reliefs and texts found in the walls of the tombs of their wealthy rulers or Pharaohs .Some passages that tell about their lives were written sometime in the Middle and New kingdoms in literary compositions of the scribes and also by classical authors such as Herodotus (Parson 2005). The teaching of reading and writing was exclusively reserved for the children of wealthy families who were expected to take on political responsibilities in adulthood. Most teaching was performed by scribes, whose work was hereditary (Perry 47). A prime example of intellectual enslavement can be illustrated by how the priest fooled the fellahin with their scientific knowledge. The priest knew that the year consisted of  Ã‚   365 and  ¼ days,   through it they can predict with accuracy the flooding of the Nile River. They hide this knowledge from the rest of the Egyptians, specifically the illiterate fellahin. They pretend to warn the fellahin of an impending flooding a few days before it actually occurred. The priest would then offer to perform certain rites (with payments of course!)   while the illiterate fellahin stood ready to temporarily remove their homes, equipment and cattle from the area that would be flooded. The priests must have a good laugh when the fellahin would admire them for their â€Å"divine powers†, of having the ability to know in advance the flooding of the Nile. The knowledge of the priest in science and the ignorance of the fellahin enabled the priests to exploit the illiterate peasants for three centuries (Perry 49). The plight of the ignorant fellahin was a good lesson to learn from through the eyes of history. Knowledge is indeed very important for it enabled the literate one to detect and avoid the pitfalls of  Ã‚   exploitation and abuses. III. Ethiopian peasants Like the rest of the ancient world, the economy of Ethiopia was based on subsistence agriculture, with an aristocracy that consumed the surplus. Due to number of causes (which is going to be discussed later) the peasants lacked incentives to either improved production or to store their excess harvest; as a result they lived from harvest to harvest. The Ethiopian peasants in pre-1800 were largely engaged in agricultural and pastoral jobs under a feudal landowner or nobility. The   poor plight of the peasants were being made   worse by the fact that their country was vulnerable to outside invasion, primarily because   Ethiopia is situated in the path of the Islamic and Christian conquest to Africa. Moreover, they had to contend with civil conflicts. As result, there life was not stable and development was virtually absent. Aside from arm conflicts, they were also faced to battle periodic droughts. Nevertheless, the peasants can be counted upon to support the state to battle any outside opposition even at the cost of their own lives. IV. Relationship of the Ethiopian Peasant to their Rulers / government Ethiopia’s long history of foreign and civil wars had established a tyrannical dictatorship relationship between the Ethiopian peasants and their rulers. Dictatorship was brought about by religious, physical and intellectual enslavement. Like most ancient civilization, the Ethiopian Empire emerged in the same way as the ancient empires throughout the world which was through feudalism or serfdom. In feudalism, landowners allowed peasants to work in their land and then exact tributes or taxes from them. The beginning of the Ethiopian feudalism was in 600 A.D upon the establishment of Aksumite Kingdom. The largest landowner of all was of course the imperial family, and then next to him were the high nobility, then down to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Extensive ownership of lands was also based on kinship or tribes (Lipsky 238). Peasants at times can claim lands but they were not recognized as its rightful owners. More often than not, the Emperor or rulers will confiscate these lands to be awarded to thousands of civil and military bureaucrats in gratitude to their loyalty and service (Marcus 3). Tributes and taxes were exacted by the wealthy landowners or nobility from the peasants on their estates. Payment of taxes was through in kind and in labor, as well as in gold and primitive money, such as cloth and salt. When the Emperor allowed the tribute or tax to be given to nobilities, the nobles in turn must pay the Emperor through provision of military aids. It was a known fact in the ancient world that an Ethiopian Emperor can gather a vast army out of the peasants (Pankhurst 179). In order to exercise a strong hold on the peasants the nobility burdened the peasants with debt that can only be repaid by forced labor. In this way, it can be literally said that the nobility controlled the lives of the peasants. Control can be described in such a way that the peasants cannot kill a cow (even though it is his own) unless he informs the landowner. Aside from that the nobles or landowners so ill-treat the peasants that the latter purposely did not maximize the production capabilities of the land. They only produce what was needed for survival. Still, the end losers were the peasants because thy continued to live in abject poverty while the landowners and nobles continued to live comfortable lives because of the never ending extraction of taxes and tributes (Pankhurst 230). The nobility retained also their strength by making it a duty for some men to enlist in his military service. This is especially crucial at times when the Emperor would seize his land to be given to another. In times of war, the taxes increased in order to support the needs for warfare. The taxes can be so high and unreasonable that they can be described as â€Å"taxing the peasants to death†. In other words, it is the peasants who had to bear the burden of the military activities. Ironically, in spite of their hard labors the Emperor or rulers had the guts to confiscate the land owned by the peasants in order to be given to thousands of civil and military bureaucrats.   This state of affairs continued for centuries, so that it was not surprising if thousands of peasants lost their land and subsistence. With the decline of the dynasty in the 1700’s, Years of the Princes sets in characterized by a very unstable political condition in Ethiopia. The nobility fought each other to claim the throne. At this time, in most countryside, most individuals could claim but not own land, and one’s holding depended on personal position, age influence, soil fertility, competing claims, and the political situation. If there was a smart noble who can could contrive a genealogy convincing enough to acquire land on the basis of descent, then the poor peasant would be in danger of losing his prized plots. In other words, there was no security for land tenure for the peasant. In view of the instability of the political system of Ethiopia at this time, even the nobles can lose their lands. The peasants were then plunged into much deeper poverty for neither peasant nor the nobles was willing therefore to invest or improve the land (Marcus 1986). Before 1800’s as Europe was on its way top building an empire through colonization, Ethiopia was forced to create modern army and transportation system to help deploy it. The costs associated with such improvements could only come from increased â€Å"tribute† from the peasants. Another dictatorship on Ethiopian peasants was achieved through religious enslavement. Religious wars between Moslems and Christians from 1300-1700 AD had placed the peasants in a very pathetic state, amidst a ruined country they were pushed back and forth across the land like pawns. The Ethiopians had always been proud of their ancestry of which they traced back to King Solomon, the King of Israel. They have always adapted a Christian religion some sixteen centuries ago, and this religion was safeguarded by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The clergy of this church had been careful to instill to the Ethiopians that they were the â€Å"chosen ones†. They have rallied the peasants to fight against any form of religious aggression, especially by the Islamic conquerors and even inspired them to subdue the Islamic neighboring countries. This could only mean of course that the peasants had to engage in military warfare. By their sweat and their blood they had to defend their religious causes. It is not hard for the Emperor or their rulers to enlist them to military service as they themselves were consumed of their supposed Messianic purposes. Because of ongoing external and internal conflicts, the peasants had come to place a high value on personal courage, independence, self-reliance and self-assertiveness; they were lead to believe that the man who possesses those virtues had a divine favor. It must be remembered however, that the peasant’s loyalties were based on personalities rather than in any form of political ideologies. They believed that at the highest political level all political authority â€Å"has religious sanction which endows the ruler with divine status. Government was only instrumental to back up their claim (Lipsky 323). The last tyrannical dictatorship was done through intellectual enslavement. Like Egypt, the inhabitants of Ethiopia comprise a group of illiterate individuals. For a pre-1800 Ethiopia, two reasons can be pointed out why this was so. First, there were many languages and dialects in existence in Ethiopia and for most of them they have no written alphabets. And aside from that the clergy and the nobility had tried to put them in the dark so they were not keen on educating the peasants lest they lose their religious and political hold on them (Lipsky 89). V.Conclusion The history of the Ethiopian and Egyptian peasants at the hands of their ancient rulers is a sad one. In spite of their loyalties and hard work, they were treated unfairly and taken advantage of. Instead of gratitude, the rulers opted to adopt a dictatorial attitude towards them. Dictatorship was effectively carried out through religious, physical and intellectual enslavement. In other words, because of their ignorance, the nobility tricked them into believing that they were divine and as a consequence it was only fitting for the mortal peasants to serve them by means of provision and labor.

How Good Communication Skill Is Significant In Healthcare

How Good Communication Skill Is Significant In Healthcare This study is all about how communication helps and how good communication skill is significant in health and social care environment. Effective communication is crucial for health and social care. What is communication? Communication is nothing but just the exchange of information and meaning by using symbols and signs between individuals. The sender, message, receiver and feedback are the four components used in the process of communication. And to have a continuous flow of communication it is necessary to comprehend to each component. Communication takes place in many forms like verbal, non-verbal, formal and informal, written, etc. Communication helps in comprehending human behaviour. Application of all these techniques of communication is required in health and social care. So for an effective social and health care it is essential to have good interpersonal and communication skill. Use of Communication Skill in Health Social Care Context Communication skills are of great importance in any field. It is very much necessary to communicate with the target audience in the way they comprehend it and also it is of great significance to comprehend the intellectual and physical limitations of the targeted audience. Let us simplify it by taking an example: Let us take a hypothetical situation, consider you are a doctor and practicing on a child and the child is having some heart problem. In this case you will not expect that child to comprehend the lengthy report on his heart functioning test. So definitely you would water it down. Many such examples can be given to understand the importance of communication to health and social care. Communication skill helps in organising a conversation, helps in probing the opposite person, it also helps in keeping the conversation going. Also communication skills are necessary in order to build up a good and health relation with the people using your services, also it helps in comprehending and meeting the needs of the person as well as can bond up with their friends and families. It helps in sending and receiving the information with the people taking up your services. There are many different types of communication named one-to-one communication, group communication, formal communication and informal communication, written communication. In health and social care generally a formal communication is used, which generally starts with the greeting. It is generally used to show respect towards the person and it is also a communication starter. A professional person generally in health and social care uses formal communication in order to speak to opposite person in regards to the services. It is exact, clear and avoids misunderstandings. Another communication, which is generally used in health and social care, is written communication. In health and social care environment, written communication is central to the work of any person when keeping records or in writing any reports. Different styles of writing are needed for different types of communication but the basic of all is the requirement of literacy skills. When recording any information about a patient a very formal style of writing is required. Barriers to Communication in Health Social Care Many things contribute in stopping an effective communication. People working with health and social care should comprehend the barriers in order to overcome them. Effective communication is very much necessary in health and social care setting; if the communication is not effective or understandable than it would be difficult for a service user to involve in the discussion regarding the care or planning the future. Similarly, it would be difficult for a service provider to help the service user if he do not understand what the person is trying to ask. Few of the barriers are language problems, jargons, acronyms, health issues, stress, emotional difficulties, environmental problems, misinterpretation, aggression, etc. Let us briefly understand all the above-mentioned barriers: Language Problem (Foreign Language): Using a language other than local or using sign language creates problem for both the service provider and user in comprehending each other. Even if someone tries and helps out in translating the message, it is again difficult to pass the message clearly. Jargons: Technical words used by the service provider, may not be understandable by service user. For example, if a patient rushes to doctor and to diagnose the problem doctor asks the patient to do a MRI scan and blood test than that would certainly sound scary to that patient. Instead of directly imposing what to do if the doctor explain what the MRI scan is and why it is required than the patient would be more relaxed. Acronyms: Acronyms are the initials of the shortened words. In health and social care lots of acronyms are used and they are confusing too. Sometimes subconsciously the use of acronyms is made which makes the opposite person feels left out. For example, if a health care professional says that you have to take these tablets TDS. What did you comprehend from this sentence? So we feels left out her. Here TDS means three times a day. It is also related to jargon. Health issue: When a person is not feeling well or is not in the best of his health, it becomes difficult for him to communicate effectively as he is not well. This definitely affects the service user and colleagues too. So the people who are being taken care in the hospital due to some illness might not be able to communicate like normal. Also the patients who are being treated in the hospital for their long-term sickness like Parkinsons disease also affect their ability to communicate. So if you are working in health and social care than you should be aware about such scenarios and should be capable enough to handle it. Stress: Stress also causes difficulty in communication. A person if stressed out might not listen properly and so he might misunderstand or misinterpret the conversation. Stress also cause difficulty in speaking or might be tearful as well. Emotional difficulties: At times everyone faces emotional difficulties and get upset. For example, a fight between husband and wife, a split up between boyfriend and a girl friend or a bad new; all these contributes towards emotional difficulties. Here as the person is already preoccupied he might not hear to what is being said and so this might lead to misunderstanding. Environmental Problems: It is the communication affected by environment. For example, if someone is having reading problem (due to weak eyesight) than the person will surely struggle in reading the written information in low light. A person on a wheelchair may face problem in talking to a receptionist if the desk is too high. Aggression: Unpleasant and frightening behaviour is aggression. It can be mental, verbal or physical and can cause emotional harm or pain. For example, a person working in health and social care irritated or annoyed due to some reasons than the person to whom he is providing service might feel threatened or dominated and so might not be able to respond. This results in the offering of the bad services. Ways to deal with inappropriate Interpersonal Communication Selection of wrong words or use of passive vocabulary, body language misinterpretation or cultural insensitivity leads to inappropriate interpersonal communication. In such case what can be done to avoid such problem is: Always rephrase in simpler and different words to whatever has been said in order to avoid unnecessary confusion and misunderstand. One of the way to deal with inappropriate communication in focusing, it also helps in preventing communication barriers. Attentive listening without interrupting is also one of the ways to deal with it. Respectful respond should be given to persons opinion and listeners view should not be imposed. One of the communication strategies for providing comfort is empathy; an empathic approach helps in comprehending. Factors influencing Communication Process in Health Social Care Communication process is influenced in several ways. According to Watson, the action of caring includes communication, support, positive regards or physical interventions by the nurse (1985 cited in Kozier at el, 2004, p.419). A sense of care is felt through communication, although a lot depends on interpersonal attitude as well. A sense of importance and worth is felt when respect is given and opinions and ideas are accepted and not judged. Also a terrible feel during an interaction is also a factor of communication barrier. Judgemental action, probing, agreeing/disagreeing, stereotyping, rejecting are the non-therapeutic responses (Kozier at el, 2004, p.432). Cultural Factors Influencing Communication Process What is Culture? Culture refers to beliefs, shared and learned values and behaviour, which is common to a particular group of people (Orbe Bruess, 2005). Music, food, dress, customs and celebration are also included in culture. Communication and culture are the two inseparable. Culture is a significant part of our perspective through which we see the world. Culture is shaped by communication and is also learned through communication. Communicating with people from same culture is different and communicating with people from different culture is a different experience. Although culture is powerful, they are frequently influencing conflicts and unconscious. Always remember two things about culture; one is that culture are always changing and the other is they communicate to symbolic dimension of life. According to Stella Ting there are three ways where communication process is affected by culture. First is Cognitive Constraint which is the reference frame that provides surrounding that all new information is compared to or inserted into. Second is Behaviour Constraint; it is about culture having their own rules of behaviour regarding verbal and nonverbal communications. For example, how much distance should be maintained when talking to the other person, whether to look in the other person eye or not, etc? The final one is Emotional Constraint; every culture has their own way of showing emotions. For example, there are many cultures that get emotional when debating on an issue; they yell, cry, etc. While many cultures tend to remain calm and keep their emotions hidden. All these cultural difference leads to communication problems. This is more likely to happen when dealing with cross cultures. To overcome these problem only awareness regarding the cultures is needed. Legislation, Code of Practice and Policies in Health Social Care Legislation- Legislation are the laws made by parliaments, these laws shows the right of an individual, group or an organisation. All the health social care settings should comprehend the significance of sticking to legal guidance as this can defend against the poor practice. For example, the data protection acts, freedom of information act, care standards act, race relation act, etc. Policies- In order to promote equal opportunities and strengthen the code of practice of particular professional bodies it is must for an organisation to have policies and procedures. Policies includes confidentiality, harassment and bullying, health and safety, equal opportunities, risk assessment, etc. Code of Practice- Since 2000, it has become vital for all health and social care settings to have a professional code of practice. In order to inform the practitioner about their rights and responsibilities and to guide the code of practice is kept. It is mandatory for all health and social care worker to carry out an induction period where the proper training leading to appropriate qualification is given. Same code of practice is followed by Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England. Health Social Care Services with specific Communication needs People having cognitive impairment, language and sensory deficit, structural deficits and paralysis need specific communication (Kozier et al. 2004, p.438). In general, the care worker uses the SOLER technique by Egan (1986), it helps in effective communication with the clients, and makes them feel safe and trust the caregiver. SOLER stands for: S- Sit squarely in relation to the patient O- Open position L- Lean slightly towards the patient E- Eye contact R- Relax This technique helps in good interaction and can be used for both; people with or without any special needs. Depending on the type of communication impairment different strategies and techniques can be used. For people with hearing problem or who are deaf, BSL (British Sign Language) was introduced which was eventually accepted by UK government officially in 2003 and now this sign language has become universal. But it is different in each place of origin. Not only people with hearing impairment learn this language but also the people who interact with these people learn this language. For example, friends and families. Also Lip-speaking is a technique used for deaf. In lip-speaking interaction through facial expression, gesture and mouth is done without making any sound. There is one more technique, which is used for people with learning difficulties such as structural deficit and paralysis and cognitive impairment. It is known as Makaton. Makaton uses common vocabulary and is much simple. It uses symbol, action as well as speech, unlike BSL. This is a very helpful technique for people with limited ability to communicate. For Blind people reading and writing method through Braille is used. It is useful for every individual who is completely dependent on sense. Finally, Human Aids, Human aids are the people helping communicate with each other. Translator, interpreter, etc are the examples of human aids. Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Health Social Care ICT provides great support for care professional and other staff in order to provide effective, fast and convenient care. Visible and workable ICT is required in order to deliver high standards. In order to get the quality outcome data and to give the best possible care to people it is needed to exploit ICT. Individuals quality care depends on easy access to care plans and electronic records. It must be capable enough to distribute information across health and social care. ICT helps in delivering more effective and better healthcare services. ICT helps doctors, hospitals and pharmacist for taking better care of our health. ICT helps in saving lives, improving patients care, helps in reducing cost in health care. For example, a patient with heart problem will be carrying a monitor, which will alarm the doctor if any changes in patient condition and will let them do their task. ICT use is central to social work, which is concerned with sharing assessments and exchanging information with other professionals and practitioners. Quickly and securely medical data can be exchanged. ICT has made the operation simpler than before. The basic ICT at health social care includes: Quality care (efficient and effective care service) Empowerment (patients involving in their own care activities) Availability (waiting time, access and better utilization of resources) Care continuity (information sharing and coordinating with care provider) Patient safety (risk is reduced in regards to patient harm) Some of the technologies used at health care are CDMS (Chronic Disease Management System), CPOE (Computerised Practitioner Order Entry), CDS (Clinical Decision Support), ETP (Electronic Transfer of Prescription), Electronic Appointment Booking, PHR (Personal Health Record), Telemedicines, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Bar-coding, etc. ICT is used everyday at health care. ICT is used in administrative department to keep a check on in and out of the patients, to keep the records of the patients staff as well.

Alcohol Treatments and Rehabilitation Programs

Alcohol Treatments and Rehabilitation Programs Medical intervention for drug addicts is part of achieving social normalisation. Choose a drug addiction (e.g. tobacco, alcohol, heroin, amphetamine or marijuana). Explore methods of treatment for this drug addiction within medical establishments and problems faced. What are the most effective methods and what might improve success rates of rehabilitation? During the ancient times alcohol consumption was basically used for medical purposes. The use of alcohol is popular in many societies, and its influences differ significantly with consumers. This trend is not only common in adult population, but also in adolescents. Although, it is often difficult to differentiate between casual drinking and alcohol abuse, continuous abuse of alcohol is often influenced by socioeconomic, mental and environmental factors, which can be life-threatening. Furthermore, alcohol can lead to potential physical disabilities and increase risks for social violence.Prolong consumption of alcohol can have harmful effects on the mental health and other important system in the body of consumers. This essay will examine different methods of alcohol treatments used in alcohol addiction such as drug treatment and non-pharmacological treatment. It will argue that the most effective treatment is Naltrexone. In addition, it will also argue that effective behavioural ther apies will improve success rate of rehabilitation for alcohol dependents. In the 19th century, alcohol was popular among the Australians, especially in New South Wales, but during 1980s, alcohol consumption was as low as two Litres per head. On the other hand, it increases to three Litres per head. Since ages ago, alcohol intake was mainly focus in Australian male beer drinking culture. Financial pressures have not been the only influences on drinking patterns but also moral and social changes. As a result to this, many women started consuming alcohol as well and there was drinking culture changes in Australia (National Drug Strategy, 2001). At some point, in 20th century high demand on alcohol lead to change in liquor store close up earlier at six p.m. However, it does not work out as the alcohol dependence addict against this rule. In 1982 alcohol use in Australia was 9.8 Litres per head but it drops to 7.5 per head in 1988 and 1993. The average age group in men that started drinking alcohol is 16 years old to compared with women. An additional, women of all ages consume a smaller amount of alcohol contrast with men or could be non-drinker. Mostly, women like better to drink wine and men regularly choose to drink beer. Binge drinking to intoxication and are common in adolescent. It is defined as having more than seven drinks in male and more than five drinks in female. As a result, binge drink is common between current age group and from community (National Drug Strategy, 2001) There are a number of ways to treat patients with alcohol problems. These include; pharmacotherapy, psychosocial and motivation treatments. The first treatment in alcohol addiction refers to pharmacotherapy. In this therapy, there are three main drugs that are used in treating alcohol, which include; Disulfiram, Naltrexone and Methadone (Caputo, Vignoli, Grignaschi, Cibin, Addolorato, Bernardi, 2014). The first, drug that is used in alcohol treatment is called Disulfiram. It is defined as a quaternary ammonium compound. It has been used in treating alcohol dependency for the last 60 years (Melo, Lopes, Alves, 2014). Disulfiram has shown positive impacts in patients with alcohol dependence even through oral medication are taken (Skinner, Lahmek, Pham, Aubin, 2014). In addition, Disulfiram was the first medication that was approval by Food Drug Administration (FDA) (Elbreder, Humerez, Laranjeira, 2010). However, Disulfiram effectiveness depends on the capability to block the action of acetaldehyde dehydrogenises, which with alcohol ingestion sharply increases the blood absorption of Acetaldehyde according to Zindel Kranzler, (2014). As a consequence, using Disulfiram could cause side effects such as facial flushing,headache and nausea according to Zindel Kranzler, (2014). Furthermore, Melo, Lopes, Alves (2014) claim that alcohol dependent may develop possible reaction after taking Disulfiram for long term such as; fatigue, delirium and also vomiting. Although this medication is frenquently used to treat alcohol patients, it can also react on the central nervous system, which inhibit dopamine as well as increasing dopamine concentration in the metabolic systems (Elbreder, Humerez, Laranjeira, 2010). Hence, when Disulfiram is used appropraitely, it will have positive impact on patients’ health who have been depending on alohol. Another drug which is used for alcohol treatment is Methadone, which is a synthetic opioid that is used as anti-addiction medication. Methadone is often used for residents with an opioid dependency such as; heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, oxymorphone, fentanyl and many more (Caputo, Vignoli, Grignaschi, Cibin, Addolorato, Bernardi, 2014). Methadone helps to stabilise withdrawal symptoms during detoxification and helps recovering addicts manage their cravings. In addition, methadone is used in alcohol addiction treatment and can either be a short term or a longer term program. It is used to assist the detoxification process, and can help manage symptoms of recovery and support residents in maintaining sobriety. Dyer White (1997) claim that during the intake of methadone there are general side effects such as; insomnia, sweating, painful joints and bones. In addition, it is also claimed that majority of alcohol addicts complain of constipation, dry mouth as well as depressi on, perhaps due to hormonal changes (Dyer White, 1997). According to Petrakis, et al., (2006) patients will also have symptom such as, delirium and anxiety. As a result during the admistration of this medication, patients need to be monitered closely from those symptoms. Thus, methadone is use in alcohol treatment from stopping patient from having craving of alcohol and also helps patient to overcome from alcohol. Another, drug that is used to treat patients with alcohol addictions are also treated with Naltrexone. This is a drug that is given to patients who are dependent on alcohol and is safe for psychiatric disorder patients. In addition, Naltrexone can be administered through two methods, which include patients taking through long-acting injection and the other through oral tablets (Elbreder, Humerez, Laranjeira, 2010; Anton, et al., 2011; Galvez, Fernandez, Manzanaro, 2013). The primary function of Naltrexone primary is to decrease chances of withdrawal symptoms and the cravings of alcohol (Littleton Zieglgansberger, 2010). Furthermore, naltrexone is more effective for a patient with high craving (Elbreder, Humerez, Laranjeira, 2010). According to Mark, Kranzler and Song (2003) Naltrexone it reduces the addict’s desire for alcohol consumption. Also, Caputo, Vignoli, Grignaschi, Cibin, Addolorato, Bernardi ( 2014) state that side effects can be faced by alcohol dependent while on this medication such as, head-aches, nause and anxiety. Another side effect of this drug include; sleep difficulty, irritability and anxiety (Anton, et al., 2011). However, the advantages of using this medication is that, for the duration on this medication treatment, the patient is allowed to consume small amount of alcohol (Anton, et al., 2011). Despite, its side effects, Naltrexone can still have positve impact on alcohol dependents. Thus, Naltrexone is generally given to patients to stop the craving for alcohol, because it can be taken through oral or injection method. Apart from pharmacological treatments, there are two non-pharmacological treatments that can assist patients depending on alcohol. These non-pharmacological treatments include; behavioural therapy and community-based rehabilitation programs. The first treatment refers to behavioural therapies. For example, a counselling and motivational interviewing with alcohol addicts can play an important role to assist patients. The advantage of using this therapy is that, it is implemented outside from health institutions, such as primary care, community centre and school (Kalapatapu, Ho, Cai, Vinogradow, Batki, Mohr, 2014; Feinn, R, Kranzler, 2007). In addition, behavioural therapies are principally successful in giving self confidence, changes for change, and provide the ability for some people to quit drinking on their own (Feinn, R, Kranzler, 2007). On the other hand, financial and organizational resources are generally restricted in alcohol treatment. This means that the treatment is foc used on improving and changing drinking behaviors of alcohol addicts. Also patients, who are staying in countryside, might have difficulties to get medical treatment due to time-consuming, especially to travel from distances to access the rehabilitation services. Such limitations could deny the patient from being treated. Indeed, there was alternative method to treat alcohol addiction patient via telephone, which might not need to be confronting each other, between the medical staff and client. The result from that treatment, using telephone as a technique to communicate with alcohol patient has shown positive response. In contrast, using telephone to talk to alcohol addiction cannot identify where there the patient is going through any sign and symptom such as depression during alcohol withdrawal (Kalapatapu, Ho, Cai, Vinogradow, Batki, Mohr, 2014). In general, it is a good method to treat patient from alcohol withdrawal without worrying even though the patient is in rural area. T he second non-pharmacological treatment involves community-based programs. This treatment focuses on helping alcohol patients from overcoming alcohol habits are through community rehabilitation. It is a treatment utilized to serve patients which have both mental and physical disabilities. For example, a study was done with 65 participants from State-funded vocational rehabilitation agencies to get three or four days for patients to participate in that study (Sprong, E, D, Pappas, Melissa, 2012). The aim of community rehabilitation was to determine that this course could be effective to contribute and identify the barrier in community rehabilitation. However, from this study, 27 patients disagreed to take part in the survey. There were 23 males and 15 females who participated in this study. During the study, patients are asked to answer few question and what are likely symptoms often they encounter while on alcohol, such as vomiting, hand shaking or sleepless night (Sprong, E, D, Pa ppas, Melissa, 2012). Unfortunately, this study was unsuccessful because of patients low education background, but by providing some motivational programs and counseling sessions could help achieve the aims of this community-based program (Sprong, E, D, Pappas, Melissa, 2012). Thus, it is one of the treatments in alcohol patient that could help to live normal life. In conclusion, alcohol is an addictive substance and can lead to many social and mental health problems when abused. However, there are various medical treatments and effective social rehabilitation programs for alcohol addiction that can play an important role to assist in recovery processes of addicts who are struggling to cope with this problem. Effective alcohol treatments and rehabilitation programs will not only reduce the rate of alcohol dependence successfully, but will also prevent other alcohol-related issues in the society. References Anton, R. F., Myrick, H., Wright, T. M., Latham, P. K., Baros, A. M., Waid, L. R., Randall, P. K. (2011). Gabapentin Combined with Naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Am J Psychiatry, 709-717. C. B. (2000). Medical Consequences of Alcohol Abuse. alcohol research and health, 27. Caputo, F., Vignoli, T., Grignaschi, A., Cibin, M., Addolorato, G., Bernardi, M. (2014). Pharmacological management of alcohol dependence : From mono-therapy to pharmacogenetics and beyong. European Neuropsychoparmaology, 24, 181-191. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.004 Desai, M. M., Rosenheck, R. A., Craig, T. J. (2005). Screening for Alcohol Use Disorders Among Medical Outpatients: The Influence of Individual and Facility Characteristics. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 1521. Dyer, K. R., White, J. M. (1997). Patterns of symptom complaints in methadone maintenance patient. National Drug Strategy Postgraduate Research Scholarship, 1445. Elbreder, M. F., Humerez, D. C., Laranjeira, R. (2010). The use of disulfiram for alcohol-dependent and duration of outpatient treatment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 191-195. Feinn, C. E., R, A. A., Kranzler. (2007). Exploring Treatment Options for Alcohol Use Disorders. National Institutes of Health, 214-221. Galvez, P. B., Fernandez, L. G., Manzanaro, V. M. (2013). Addressing Unhealthy Alcohol Use In Primary Care. New York: Richard Saitz. Hulse, G. K. (2012). Improving clinical outcomes for naltrexone as a management of problem alcohol use. British Journal if Clinical Pharmacology, 632-641. Kalapatapu, R. K., Ho, J., Cai, X., Vinogradow, S., Batki, S. L., Mohr, D. c. (2014). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Depressed Primary Care Patient with Co-Occuring Problematic Alcohol Use : Effect of Telephone-Administered vs. Face-to-Face Treatment -A Secondry Analysis. Journal of Psychoactive rugs, 37-41. Littleton, J., Zieglgansberger, W. (2010). Pharmacological Mechanisms of Naltrexone and Acamprosate in the Prevention of Relapse in Alcohol Dependence. The American Journal on Addictions, 53-61. Mark, T. L., Kranzler, H. R., Song, X. (2003). Understanding US addiction physicians low rate of Naltrexone Prescription. Drug Alcohol Dependence, 71, 219-228. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00134-0 Melo, R. C., Lopes, R., Alves, J. C. (2014). A Case of Psychosi in Disulfiram Treatment For Alcoholism. Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 1-4. Petrakis, I. L., Poling, J., Levinson, C., Nich, C., Carroll, K., Ralevski, E., Rounsaville, B. (2006). Naltrexone and Disulfiram in patient with alcohol Dependence and Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Veterans Affairs MERIT grant (to ILP) and the VISN I Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (BR), 777-783. Skinner, M. D., Lahmek, P., Pham, H., Aubin, H. J. (2014). Disulfiram Efficacy in the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence : A Meta-Analysis. OPEN ACCESS Freely available online, 16. Sprong, E, M., D, T., Pappas, Melissa. (2012). Utilization of Community Rehabilitation Programs : Screening for Alcohol and Drugs. Journal of Rehabilitation , 13. strategy, N. D. (2001). Alcohol in Australia : Issues and Strategies. Canberra: The National Alcohol Strategy. Zindel, L., Kranzler, H. R. (2014). Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Use Disorders:Seventy-Five Years of Progress. Journal of Studies on alcohol and drugs/supplement, 79-88.

For the Love of Ones Nation :: Political Governmental America Essays

For the Love of One's Nation The country is painted red, white, and blue and the national anthem is being heard nation wide. Everywhere you look you see little American flags posted in peoples front gardens or big flags hanging in their windows. Many stores are closed, even supermarkets usually open 24 hours close for a while, and those that are open for a while have all baked goods with American flags on them. People line the streets for parades, in big or small towns alike, and everywhere you look people are dressed in red, white, and blue. It could be no other day than the 4th of July in the United States. The big day when people remember history and unite together to enjoy their country's independence. This display of the American flag, the sound of the national anthem, and the pride people feel as they watch the morning parade is nationalism. To have the devotion to die for one's country, to hail to one's flag, to sing one's national anthem with pride, and to fear or hate others because they are not one of you are a few of the many characteristics of nationalism. Nationalism makes a person have love, pride, and an emotional union with the nation to which they belong. Being happy and loving one's nation can be a good thing as long as this pride is kept within reason and does not engulf a nations entire existence and lead to racism and the feeling of superiority towards others. A persons pride and loyalty for their nation-state has been a recent development, since previously a persons loyalty went to one's "crown, religion, city, or clan" (Weatherby, 39). A nation-state is a legal entity with people sharing a common identity, land, government, and independence, such as the former Soviet Union. Nationalism results from four types of bonds and is displayed through four types of symbols. However, even though nationalism can br ing nations together it can also hurt the unity of the entire world by causing nations to measure other nations by their own value system which leads to inferiority and racism. One bond of nationalism is common territory, which is a natural bond since people are located close to each other. When traveling to other countries or even other areas in your own nation a person would feel closer and sometimes more comfortable in the new place if they met someone who was also from where they lived.

Knights of the Golden Circle Essay -- American History, Bickley, Valla

In 1854, a medical practitioner of ambiguous credentials, George W. L. Bickley, founded the Knights of the Golden Circle. Headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, the Golden Circle was complete with passwords, quasi-Masonic rituals, secret signs and symbols. The Knights of the Golden Circle (later called the Order of the American Knights and, by February 1864, the Sons of Liberty) (Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln Shoulder, 73) quickly hatched lodges throughout Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. To identify themselves, members wore the head of Liberty cut out from the old-style copper pennies. (Tap, 74) Affectionately, their enemies called them Copperheads, a reference to the venomous snake. Although there were many, it is arguable that the antiwar Copperheads rallied the most passionate around one leader, Clement Vallandigham. Born on July 29th, 1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio, Vallandigham was a brilliant individual, whose young mind at age two knew the alphabet, at twelve, spoke Greek and Latin, and who entered Jefferson College in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. At nineteen, Clement Vallandigham became principle at Union Academy in Maryland, and at twenty was editor of an extremist Democratic newspaper. (Tap, 6) Later in life, Vallandigham gained the reputation in Ohio as an unbeatable, eccentric, defense attorney. After a term as governor of Ohio, Vallandigham was elected to congress with the platform of anti-Abolitionist Democrat, advocating Confederate Independence and denouncing emancipation, but was defeated in 1862. (Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 99) In his last speech before Congress, Vallandigham urged his countrymen to stop fighting. (Roger L. Ranson, The Confederate States of America: What Mi... ...nited States. (Ranson, 160) Lincoln’s reputation however won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily confirmed an electoral majority. Several states now allowed their soldier citizens to cast a ballot, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the army gave Lincoln over than 70% of their votes. (Manning, 148) Meanwhile, as the list of dead and wounded hit northern newspapers, Vallandigham returned from Canadian exile to attend a convention condemning this â€Å"unnecessary war† and adopting resolutions in favor of an â€Å"immediate cessation of hostilities† and a negotiated peace. (Manning, 149) Once again up to his old tricks, Vallandigham would later disguise himself by stuffing a pillow under his shirt and donning a false mustache just in time to denounce Lincoln publically in the 1864 presidential election, where at which Lincoln will ignore him. (Dickson, 316) Knights of the Golden Circle Essay -- American History, Bickley, Valla In 1854, a medical practitioner of ambiguous credentials, George W. L. Bickley, founded the Knights of the Golden Circle. Headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, the Golden Circle was complete with passwords, quasi-Masonic rituals, secret signs and symbols. The Knights of the Golden Circle (later called the Order of the American Knights and, by February 1864, the Sons of Liberty) (Bruce Tap, Over Lincoln Shoulder, 73) quickly hatched lodges throughout Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. To identify themselves, members wore the head of Liberty cut out from the old-style copper pennies. (Tap, 74) Affectionately, their enemies called them Copperheads, a reference to the venomous snake. Although there were many, it is arguable that the antiwar Copperheads rallied the most passionate around one leader, Clement Vallandigham. Born on July 29th, 1820 in New Lisbon, Ohio, Vallandigham was a brilliant individual, whose young mind at age two knew the alphabet, at twelve, spoke Greek and Latin, and who entered Jefferson College in Philadelphia at the age of seventeen. At nineteen, Clement Vallandigham became principle at Union Academy in Maryland, and at twenty was editor of an extremist Democratic newspaper. (Tap, 6) Later in life, Vallandigham gained the reputation in Ohio as an unbeatable, eccentric, defense attorney. After a term as governor of Ohio, Vallandigham was elected to congress with the platform of anti-Abolitionist Democrat, advocating Confederate Independence and denouncing emancipation, but was defeated in 1862. (Chandra Manning, What This Cruel War Was Over, 99) In his last speech before Congress, Vallandigham urged his countrymen to stop fighting. (Roger L. Ranson, The Confederate States of America: What Mi... ...nited States. (Ranson, 160) Lincoln’s reputation however won by over 400,000 popular votes and easily confirmed an electoral majority. Several states now allowed their soldier citizens to cast a ballot, a first in United States history. Soldiers in the army gave Lincoln over than 70% of their votes. (Manning, 148) Meanwhile, as the list of dead and wounded hit northern newspapers, Vallandigham returned from Canadian exile to attend a convention condemning this â€Å"unnecessary war† and adopting resolutions in favor of an â€Å"immediate cessation of hostilities† and a negotiated peace. (Manning, 149) Once again up to his old tricks, Vallandigham would later disguise himself by stuffing a pillow under his shirt and donning a false mustache just in time to denounce Lincoln publically in the 1864 presidential election, where at which Lincoln will ignore him. (Dickson, 316)

Hydrogen Peroxide Essay

The same reaction is catalysed by the  enzyme  catalase, found in the  liver, whose main function in the body is the removal of toxic byproducts ofmetabolism  and the reduction of  oxidative stress. The decomposition occurs more rapidly in  alkali, so  acid  is often added as a stabilizer. The liberation of oxygen and energy in the decomposition has dangerous side-effects. Spilling high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on a flammable substance can cause an immediate fire, which is further fueled by the oxygen released by the decomposing hydrogen peroxide. High test peroxide, or HTP (also called high-strength peroxide) must be stored in a suitable, vented container to prevent the buildup of oxygen gas, which would otherwise lead to the eventual rupture of the container. In the presence of certain catalysts, such as  Fe2+  or  Ti3+, the decomposition may take a different path, with  free radicals  such as HO · (hydroxyl) and HOO · (hydroperoxyl) being formed. A combination of  H2O2  and  Fe2+  is known as  Fenton’s reagent. A common concentration for hydrogen peroxide is  20-volume, which means that, when 1 volume of hydrogen eroxide is decomposed, it produces 20 volumes of oxygen. A  20-volumeconcentration of hydrogen peroxide is equivalent to 1. 667  mol/dm3  (Molar solution) or about 6%. Redox reactions In acidic solutions,  H2O2  is one of the most powerful oxidizers known—stronger than  chlorine,  chlorine dioxide, and  potassium permanganate. Also, through catalysis,  H2O2  can be converted intohydroxyl radicals  (†¢OH), which are highly reactive. Oxidant/Reduced product| Oxidation  potential, V| Fluorine/Hydrogen fluoride| 3. 0| Ozone/Oxygen| 2. 1| Hydrogen peroxide/Water| 1. 8| Potassium permanganate/Manganese dioxide. Chlorine dioxide/HClO| 1. 5| Chlorine/Chloride| 1. 4| In aqueous solutions, hydrogen peroxide can oxidize or reduce a variety of inorganic ions. When it acts as a reducing agent,  oxygen  gas is also produced. In  acidic  solutions  Fe2+  is oxidized to  Fe3+  (hydrogen peroxide acting as an oxidizing agent), 2  Fe2+(aq) +  H2O2  + 2  H+(aq) ; 2  Fe3+(aq) + 2H2O(l) and  sulfite  (SO2? 3) is oxidized to  sulfate  (SO2? 4). However,  potassium permanganate  is reduced to  Mn2+  by acidic  H2O2. Under  alkaline  conditions, however, some of these reactions reverse; for example,  Mn2+  is oxidized to  Mn4+  (as  MnO2). Other examples of hydrogen peroxide’s action as a reducing agent are reaction with  sodium hypochlorite  or  potassium permanganate, which is a convenient method for preparing  oxygen  in the laboratory. NaOCl +  H2O2  >  O2  + NaCl +  H2O 2  KMnO4  + 3  H2O2  > 2  MnO2  + 2 KOH + 2  H2O  + 3  O2 Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an  oxidizing agent  in organic chemistry. One application is for the oxidation of  thioethers  to  sulfoxides. For example,  methyl phenyl sulfidecan be readily oxidized in high yield to  methyl phenyl sulfoxide: Ph? S? CH3  +  H2O2  > Ph? S(O)? CH3  +  H2O Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for  epoxidation  of electron-deficient alkenes such as  acrylic acids, and also for oxidation of  alkylboranes  to  alcohols, the second step of  hydroboration-oxidation. Formation of peroxide compounds Hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid, and it can form  hydroperoxide  or  peroxide  salts  or derivatives of many metals. For example, on addition to an aqueous solution of  chromic acid  (CrO3) or acidic solutions of dichromate salts, it will form an unstable blue peroxide CrO(O2)2. In aqueous solution it rapidly decomposes to form oxygen gas and chromium salts. It can also produce peroxoanions by reaction with  anions; for example, reaction with  borax  leads to  sodium perborate, a bleach used in laundry detergents: Na2B4O7  + 4  H2O2  + 2 NaOH > 2  Na2B2O4(OH)4  +  H2O H2O2  converts  carboxylic acids  (RCOOH) into peroxy acids (RCOOOH), which are themselves used as oxidizing agents. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with  acetone  to form  acetone peroxide, and it interacts with  ozone  to form  hydrogen trioxide, also known as  trioxidane. Reaction with  urea  produces  carbamide peroxide, used for whitening teeth. An acid-base adduct with  triphenylphosphine oxide  is a useful â€Å"carrier† for  H2O2  in some reactions. Alkalinity Hydrogen peroxide can still form adducts with very strong acids. The  superacid  HF/SbF5  forms unstable compounds containing the  [H3O2]+  ion. Domestic uses * Diluted  H2O2  (between 3% and 8%) is used to bleach human  hair  when mixed with  ammonium hydroxide, hence the phrase â€Å"peroxide blonde†. * It is absorbed by  skin  upon contact and creates a local skin  capillary  embolism  that appears as a temporary whitening of the skin. * It is used to whiten  bones  that are to be put on display. 3%  H2O2  is effective at treating fresh (red) blood-stains in clothing and on other items. It must be applied to clothing before blood stains can be accidentally â€Å"set† with heated water. Cold water and soap are then used to remove the peroxide treated  blood. Some horticulturalists and users of  hydroponics  advocate the use of weak hydrogen peroxide solution in watering solutions. Its spontaneous decomposition releases oxygen that enhances a plant’s root development and helps to treat  root rot  (cellular root death due to lack of oxygen) and a variety of other pests. Laboratory tests conducted by fish culturists in recent years have demonstrated that common household hydrogen peroxide can be used safely to provide oxygen for small fish. Hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen by decomposition when it is exposed to  catalysts  such as  manganese dioxide. * Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizer effective in controlling sulfide and organic-related odors in wastewater collection and treatment systems. It is typically applied to a wastewater system where there is a retention time of 30 minutes to 5 hours before hydrogen sulfide is released.

Types of Motivation

Edgar McCarthy Types of motif Professor Dr. Clemons 4-8-13 Submitted in Partial fulfillment for a Bachelor of Science tier Week 3 Westwood College Types of Motivation 1. strain on personnel motives and value. An impelling move plan must(prenominal) take into musing the motives and value of employees. Criminal workers have motives and values that stress normal service as thoroughlyhead as personal interests they neediness to ne in profession that is both appreciated and remunerated fairly and appropriately.Often barbarous judge administrators are indifferent to or unaware of just how Copernican the motives and values of employees are. Those in leadership positions must run a set of motives and values as guidance for subordinates. By having an articulated agency statement, for example the important motives and values of the scheme become known, and employees are able to gather up how they fit into larger picture of the organization. 2. subroutine of incentitives an d rewards. Employees need incentitives to meet expectations and appropriate rewards for jobs well done.A major challenge for criminal justice administrators is the creation of formal and easy approaches to credit and reward employees. The types of rewards squeeze out be varied. pecuniary rewards are often surd to provide, however other types of rewards, such as informal praise when a job is handled well and employee recognition programs can be given. 3. Reinforcement. Administrators must develop feedback mechanism so that workers date that their performance is appropriate on charge tasks. More often than not, the immediate supervisory program provides little or no feedback to subordinates.This creates a good deal anxiety and uncertainty among employees, causing their need to wane. 4. Specific and clear goals. All theories of indigence highlight the importance of goals or anticipate outcomes to the motivation process. This is probably the most difficult and problematical area in motivating criminal justice employees. As public agencies, criminal justice organizations are pass judgment to address multiple, and sometimes conflicting, goals consequently, specifying goals and prioritizing them can be very difficult. This difficulty, more than any other, poses problems for administrators.Goal uncloudedness and goal consensus may not be possible in criminal justice organizations and, as a consequence, developing effective motivation plans will be difficult. 5. commensurate personal and material resources. The organization must have a sufficient subroutine of resources, both human and financial, to create a proper motivating environment for employees. Examples of such resources include support and training programs for employees, outlets for employees that leave socialization and the development of informal groups, and material support, such as adequate supplies and equipment, for tasks to be accomplished and goal attained.Managers that take these i deas can make criminal justice organizations more aware of the motivation needs of employees. compulsory motivation is the single most important element for job satisfaction and subdivision success which therefore equates into community adulation and support. By establishing and implementing changes to import motivation then attitudes will shift and the productive revolution will be apparent. References Criminal referee Organizations Administration and Management By Stan Stojkovic, David B. Kalinich, backside Klofas http//lawenforcementtoday. com/2011/10/31/motivational-policing/

Fast food restaurant Essay

The footfall of modern life is immediate, and directhere is it degradeder than in the States. We want profligate transportation, debauched communication, sporting computers, dissipated p bakingos, firm music, profligate repairs, and ready overhaul from the straines we patronize. It is from the extreme of these that we got debased intellectual nourishment. At first, it was a matter of unbendable service. green and libertine forage Service was the gentle of a trade magazine, which published statements like this from 1951 The partners strike become honest-to-god hold at speckle the type of conventioneer that bequ downh patronize their fast pabulum service. Gradually service disappe ard, and in 1954 we find fast diet by itself in the human action Fountain and prodigal fodder. Incidentally, the trade magazine renamed itself Fast victuals by 1960. In February of that year, the magazine storied, Delicate scallops ar really fast forage beca mapping they co me name to cook. And in July it remarked, Fast solid fodder type eating houses do the lions share of business for eat and noon meals eaten out. The fast viands revolution was a quick triumph by means of with(predicate)out the land, and deuce decades by and by it was conquering the world.The U. S.outcry against infiltration from the south is matched in hysteria by our neighbors outcry against fast- regimen imperialism and the gradual Americanization of their own societies. noted the Christian Science Monitor in 1982. thank to fast solid fodder, families that formerly ate home grooming now eat out or stupefy back take-home fast viands in record numbers. Its virtue is speed, not quality. Its less(prenominal) than warning nutritional value may welcome influenced the coining of an opposite(prenominal) limit twenty years upstartr, one that to a fault puts a four-letter epithet in front of fodder junk provender (1973). Gale Encyclopedia of US account Fast fodderTo p. abode Library History, Politics & partnership US History Encyclopedia Fast nutrition is what one eats in the vast absolute majority of Americas eating places. The term denotes speed in both nourishment preparation and guest service, as well as speed in customer eating habits. The eating house attention, however, has traditionally preferred the style quick service. For hourly wage earnerswhether factory hands or store clerkstake-out lunch wagons and sit-down lunch counters appeared at factory gates, streetcar stops, and passim downtown districts in the late nineteenth century.For travelers, lunch counters too appeared in railroad stations nationwide. heat up food prevailed for its speed of preparation, as did machinate menu and other fixings that could be held in the hand and speedily eaten, quite literally, on the run. Novelty foods, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as hot dogs, burgers, cut fries, came to dominate, first best- exchange(predicate)ized at mixed worlds fairs and at the nations resorts. Soft drinks and ice cream desserts in any case became a mainstay. Thus, fast food also came to imply diets towering in fat and caloric intake.By the termination of the twentieth century, the typical American consumed some one-third beefburgers and four orders of french fries a week. well-nigh a quarter of all Americans bought fast food e actually day. The rise of automobile ownership in the coupled States brought profound change to the eating place perseverance, with fast food universe offered in a conformation of drive-in eating house formats. Mom-and-pop enterprise was harnessed, immensely through franchising, in the fortifying of regional and national restaurant strings Howard Johnsons, Dairy Queen, Burger King, Kentucky Fried moaner, Pizza Hut, and wetback Tico.Place-product- advancement was brought forcefully to the fore each restaurant in a drawing string variously shares the same logo, comment scheme, architec tural design motif, and battery-acid-of-purchase advertising, all configured in attention-getting, signlike buildings. Typically, fast food restaurants were located at the roadside, effect with driveways, parking lots, and, later, drive-through windows for those who preferred to eat elsewhere, including those who ate in their cars as dashboard diners. Critical to industry success was the development of cover and plastic containers that kept food hot and facilitated carry-out. Such packaging, because of the volume of largely nonbiodegradable unfounded it creates, has become a whole environmental problem. In 2000, Mcdonaldsthe largest quick-service chainoperated at some 13,755 locations in the fall in States and Canada. The companys distinctive golden arches bring in open up worldwide, well beyond North America. Abroad, fast food came to stand as an important symbol of American cultural, if not economical, prowess. And, just as it did at home, fast food became, as well, a recognize icon of modernity.Historically, fast food merchandising contri yeted good to the quickening pace of American life through standardization. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, it fully embraced citizenry production and mass marketing techniques, reduced to the master of a restaurant. Chains of restaurants, in turn, became fully rationalized at bottom standardized purchasing, marketing, and management agreements. Such a system depends on a pool of cheap, largely bungled beat back, the quick service restaurant industry being notorious for its low wages and, accordingly, its rapid overthrow of personnel. Bibliography Jakle, John A. , and Keith A. Sculle.Fast Food wayside restaurants in the Automobile Age. Balti much(prenominal) Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Pillsbury, Richard. No Foreign Food The American Diet and Place. Boulder, Colo. Westview Press, 1998. Sch hurter, Eric. Fast Food Nation The blue-blooded Side of the All-American Meal. sma rt York HarperCollins, 2002. John A. Jakle Gale Encyclopedia of Food & Culture Fast FoodTop Home Library Food & Cooking Food & Culture Encyclopedia What is termed fast food in the join States today or so(prenominal) commonly consists of hot, fliply prepared, and wrapped food items, served to customers across a counter or through a drive-up window.Known as both fast food and quick-service food in the restaurant industry, these items are routinely interchange and delivered in an amount of time ranging from a few backs to some(prenominal) minutes they now quit widely in food type, encompassing or so all kinds of meats, preparation methods, and cultural cuisines. Inexpensive burgers and french fried potatoes are still the products close to promptly place as fast food, merely the constitute of items exchange in the format continually increases.Fried fish and shellfish, hot dogs, chicken, pizza, roast beef, and pasta are commonly sold at quick-service outlets. In att achment to these staples, legion(predicate) quick-service restaurants sell a broad poster of Americanized Mexican, Greek, and Chinese foods. Some fast-food outlets offer specialty items, such as sushi, clams, or ribs, and others veritable(a) sell realized home-cooked meals over their counters. Though menus and delivery formats vary greatly, fast foods chief common denominators include immediate customer service, packaging to go, and inexpensive pricing.The finespun origins of fast food are vague, probably predating scripted history. Hungry deal are as old as civilization itself, as are entrepreneurs earnest to satisfy their hunger. Food vendors in ancient cities sold prepared items to passersby on the street. The actual foods varied greatly, depending on period and glossiness, but they generally comprised childlike, inexpensive furthere sold to people of modest means. Immigrants brought a material body of food styles to America, a good deal preserving these for decades as a comfort connection with their ethnic past.Though umteen immigrant foodways were work up and ritualistic, to the highest degree groups had one or two primary items that they consumed on a daily basis. As a rule, immigrant groups preferred their indigenous grains corn from the Americas, rice from Asia, and shuck from Europe. a great deal these served as the basis for the peasant foods of their homelands. pasta and flat breads came over with Italians tortillas, beans, and tamales arrived with northbound Mexicans and Germans brought dark breads, on with a variety of fatty sausages (which later mutated into the hot dog).Asian immigrants act to eat rice as the basis of their diet. In the early twentieth century fast food remained primarily the fare of the masses. Vendors revolve their pushcarts daily to factory gates, merchandising their wares to hungry workers. Often catering to the tastes of the particular factorys paramount ethnic group, they charged customers pennies for basic items such as sausages, meatballs, or stew. Though popular among male industrial workers, this pushcart version of fast food never became mainstream cuisine.The urban diner was the transitional phase amidst the vendors pushcart and modern fast food. or so early diners were belittled restaurants, with bound seating, sometimes constructed out of converted railway carriages or streetcars. They served simple foods to works-class customers on a short order basis, commonly cooking each meal individually when ordered. Menus varied, but fried foods were common. Though diners often emphasized speed in delivering food, customers routinely lingered before and after eating.The hamburger still stands out as the single most important American fast food, though the precise origin of this meat sandwich is the subject of diachronic disagreement. People have eaten chopped beef passim the ages, and it was long a fixture in more world cultures. The lineage of the American hamburger designms to point frightfulctly, as its name indicates, back to the German metropolis of Hamburg. First appearing on American restaurant menus in the mid-nineteenth century, ground beef patties bore the title hamburg steak. By the centurys close, vendors on a regular basis sold meatballs wrapped in slices of bread at county fairs and pass festivals. Regional legends attribute the invention of this snack to several different individuals, but its true originator form a mystery. The Rise of Modern Fast Food Our modern image of the fast-food restaurant dates back to 1916, when Walt Anderson began selling hamburger sandwiches from an outdoor stand on a Wichita street corner. Anderson simply flattened a meatball and placed it between two halves of a bun. His sandwich quick became popular, attracting long lines of hungry debaseers.By 1921, Anderson had joined local insurance broker Edgar Billy Ingram to form the ovalbumin fort System. After opening several kindred restaurants in Wichita during their first year, the partners chop-chop spread their business to neighboring cities, then to nine major urban areas throughout the Midwest and on the East Coast. What scattered the clean-living palace System from earlier short-order restaurants was its very streamlined menu, comprising only hamburgers, coffee, Coca-Cola, and pie a render architectural style and strict standardization of food quality, preparation methods, and employee performance.By the close of the mid-twenties, sporting Castles aggressive marketing and rapid spread had made the hamburger one of the most popular foods in America. Other entrepreneurs shortly noticed White Castles success in the hamburger business. Very closely copying White Castles products, architecture, and company name, competing spick-and-span bondage also thrived, carrying the hamburger craze across the nation to smaller cities and towns. The White Tower chain appeared in 1925, finally challenging White Castles autho rity in several northern cities.Krystals, heart-to-heart in 1929 in Chattanooga, soon became the hamburger powerhouse of the southeasterly states. White Castles hamburger sandwich, on with its many imitators, became a daily staple for many working-class Americans. It proven so successful, in fact, that by 1930 the president of the American Restaurant Association identified the fast-food hamburger as the most important food item in the nation. Hamburgers became even more a mainstream food during the 1930s. The larger restaurant gyves began marketing their products to middle-class buyers, and even more Americans became burger lovers.Despite the approximative economy of the Great Depression, most fast-food chains continued to thrive, and in many cases grew considerably. Most continued selling the White Castlestyle hamburger, but late in the decade the unfit Boy chain spread east from California, introducing its new double-decker hamburger sandwich along the way. By the end of the Depression, America was a solidly hamburger-eating culture. After prospering in the Depression, however, the fast-food industry suffered a solemn setback during human race War II.Shortages of necessary foodstuffs, such as meat, sugar, tomatoes, and coffee, meant limited menu offers and often a significant loss of business. Attempting to continue providing meals to their customers, fast-food restaurants experimented with different items that were still in abundance, including soybean patties, chili, and french fried potatoes. redden more modify than commodity shortages was the very low unemployment rate, which meant that most workers bypassed the restaurant industry in favor of higher-paying work.Adjusting to this labor shortage, chains soon replaced their all-male workforce with women and teenagers, two groups who would become their most common employees. Despite attempts to find palatable substitute foods, and despite the shifts in workforce, much of the fast-food industry w as a casualty of the war by 1945, more than half of Americas restaurants had closed down, including several of the major fast-food chains. Rebuilding the fast-food industry after the war proved a slow process. No single chain emerged to claim dominance, and little innovation occurred.Individual companies struggled to touch on their prewar prosperity, and new regional chains assay to gain a foothold. Suffering the effects of escalating cost and still under the threat of continued shortages referable to unstable food supplies in war-torn countries, fast-food restaurants often had to double prices to remain in business. As universe shifted from Americas cities to suburbia during the 1950s, the fast-food industry quickly followed. Early chains such as White Castle and White Tower, resisting moving to the suburbs, were quickly eclipsed by upstart immunityd chains.Burger King and McDonalds outlets became common fixtures at suburban crossroads, selling burgers, fries, and shakes to hu ngry families. Burger Kings Jim McLamore and McDonalds Ray Kroc each sought to build one of his restaurants in every American town, and they opened hundreds of new Burger Kings and McDonalds each year in the 1960s. To accomplish this rapid expansion, they relied heavily on franchise investors, en pressure strict product uniformity throughout their chains, and sharp advertised in every saucily opened territory. With McDonalds and Burger Kings success, Burger Chef outlets soon appeared nearby.Arbys, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Taco Bell were not far behind. By the late 1960s, fast food no longer meant just hamburger restaurants, but had diversify to include quick-service pizza, roast beef, chicken, and tacos. To give an idea of the dimensions to which the fast-food industry has grown, in 1999 Americans consumed over 26 billion pounds of beef, much of it as hamburgers. In that year McDonalds completely had more than ten thousand restaurants in the United States, from which it grossed in excess of $13 billion in revenue. condemnation of Fast Food Despite the far-flung popularity of fast food in modern American culture, critics abound.Since the 1930s, articles and books have condemned the industry, exposing allegedly poor sanitary conditions, foaming food products, related environmental problems, and unfair working conditions. Whether it warrants the attention or not, the fast-food industry is still regularly cited for exploiting young workers, polluting, and contributing to obesity and other serious health problems among American consumers. American beef consumption, and more specifically the fast-food hamburger industry, is often blamed for the enthusiastic of the Amazon rain forests to make way for more grazing lands for beef cattle.Early foes of fast food cited the deplorable filth of many hamburger stands, in addition to claiming that the beef ground for their sandwiches was either spoiled, diseased, or simply of low quality. In fact, many critics keep th at much of the meat used in fast-food hamburgers came from one dollar bill carcasses. The high fat content of fast food was also controversial. Despite deceptive industry claims some the high quality and the health benefits of their products, in the 1920s and 1930s concerned nutritionists warned the public about the aesculapian dangers of regular burger consumption.This distrust and criticism of fast food continue today, extending even further to include dire warnings about the industrys use of genetically modified and antibiotic-laden beef products. Most major chains have responded to recent attacks by prominently menu calorie and nutritional charts in their restaurants, advertising fresh ingredients, and offering alternatives to their fried foods. Despite a few more health-conscious items on the menu, fast-food chains now aggressively advertise the concept that bigger is better, offering large super-size or biggie portions of french fries, velvet drinks, and milkshakes.Critic s point to this marketing emphasis as a reason for an undue and greatly increasing per-capita caloric intake among fast-food consumers, resulting in fast- emergence rates of obesity in the United States. Increased herd is another problem that critics have blamed on the fast-food industry. Selling their products in paper wrappings and paper bags, early outlets created a source of litter that had not previously existed. Wrappers strewn about city streets, particularly those close to fast-food restaurants, brought harsh criticism, and often inspired new local ordinances to address the problem.Some municipalities actually forced chains to clean up litter that was imprinted with their logos, but such sanctions were rare. Fast-food wrappers became part of the urban, and later suburban, landscape. Since bags and wrappers were crucial in the delivery of fast food, the industry as a whole continued to use disposable packaging, superficially assuaging public criticism by providing outside crackpot receptacles for the discarded paper. Years later, environmentalists again attacked the industry for exuberant packaging litter, criticizing both the volume and the content of the refuse.By the early 1970s, the harshest criticisms focused more on the semisynthetic materials used in packaging, and less on the heedlessly discarded paper. Critics derided the industrys use of styrofoam sandwich containers and soda cups, claiming that these products were not sufficiently biodegradable and were clog landfills. Facing mounting opposition from a growing environmental movement, most of the major chains returned to packaging food in paper wrappings or small cardboard boxes. Labor activists have criticized fast-food chains aptness to employ inexpensive teenage workers.Usually offering the lowest possible wages, with no health or retirement benefits, these restaurants often find it difficult hiring adults for stressful, fast jobs. Many critics claim that the industry preys on tee nagers, who will work for less pay and are less likely to organize. Though these accusations may have merit, the industrys reliance on teenage labor also has inherent liabilities, such as a high employee turnover rate, which result in substantial recruiting and training costs.Companies have countered criticism about their use of teenage workers with the rationale that they offer young people entry-level work experience, teaching them both skills and responsibility. Despite the inflexible attacks, hundreds of millions of hungry customers eat fast food daily. The media everlastingly remind American consumers about its supposed evils. Most are conscious of the health risks from fatty, greasy meals most realize that they are being served by a poorly paid young worker and if they tell apart to ponder it, most are aware that the extravagant packaging causes millions of tons of trash each year. tho they continue to purchase and eat fast food on a regular basis. Fast food remains centra l to the American diet because it is inexpensive, quick, convenient, and predictable, and because it tastes good. Even more important, Americans eat fast food because it is now a cultural norm. As American culture homogenized and became distinctively American in the second half of the twentieth century, fast food, and especially the hamburger, emerged as the primary American ethnic food. Just as the Chinese eat rice and Mexicans eat tamales, Americans eat burgers. And fast food has grown even beyond being just a distinctive ethnic food.Since the 1960s, the concept has extended far beyond the food itself, with the term becoming a common descriptor for other quick-service operations, even a metaphor for many of the negative aspects of mainstream American life. Theorists and pundits sometimes use the term fast food to denigrate American habits, institutions, and values, referring to them as elements of a fast-food society. In fact, fast-food has become a oft used adjective, implying not only ready accessibility but also superficiality, mass-produced standardization, lack of authenticity, or just poor quality.In the last two decades of the twentieth century, fast food gained additional economic and cultural significance, becoming a popular American export to nations around the world. Some detractors claim that it is even deliberately used by the United States, as a tool of cultural imperialism. The appearance of a McDonalds or Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant on the streets of a foreign city signals to many the demise of indigenous culture, replacing another rural areas traditional practices and values with American materialism.In fact, the rapid spread of American fast food is probably not an organized conspiracy, rather more the result of aggressive corporate marketing strategies. Consumers in other countries are willing and able to buy fast-food products, so chains are quick to apply demand. Thought of around the world as American food, fast food continue s its rapid international growth.Bibliography Boas, Max, and Steve Chain. Big Mac The Unauthorized Story of McDonalds. radical York Dutton, 1976. Emerson, Robert, L. Fast Food The Endless Shakeout. New York Lebhar-Friedman, 1979. Halberstam, David. The Fifties.New York Villard Books, 1993. Chapter 11 discusses the origins of the McDonalds empire. Hogan, David Gerard. Selling em by the take White Castle and the Creation of American Food. New York New York University Press, 1997. Jakle, John A. , and Keith A. Sculle. Fast Food Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Langdon, Philip. Orange Roofs, Golden Arches The architecture of American Chain Restaurants. New York Knopf, 1986. McLamore, James, W. The Burger King Jim McLamore and the create of an Empire. New York McGraw-Hill, 1998.Mariani, John. America Eats Out. New York William Morrow, 1991. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. capital of M assachusetts and New York Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Tennyson, Jeffrey. Hamburger Heaven The Illustrated History of the Hamburger. New York Hyperion, 1993. Witzel, Michael Karl. The American Drive-In History and Folklore of the Drive-In Restaurant in the Car Culture. Osceola, Wisc. Motorbooks International, 1994. David Gerard Hogan AMG AllGame Guide Fast FoodTop Home Library Entertainment & Arts Games Guide kick Date 1989 Genre Action.Style Maze ergodic abode Word Menu categories related to fast foodTop Home Library literary works & Language Word Menu Categories Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier For a list of words related to fast food, see Cuisines, Meals, and Restaurants fast food cheap, mass-produced dishes served quickly at walk-in or drive-in outlets convenience food Wikipedia on Answers. com Fast foodTop Home Library multilateral Wikipedia For other uses, see Fast food (disambiguation). A typical fast food meal in the United States includes a hamburger, fr ench fries, and a soft drink.Pictured here are burgers from In-N-Out Burger McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut fast food restaurants in the United Arab Emirates Fast food is the term attached to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a encase form for take-out/take-away. The term fast food was acknowledge in a dictionary by MerriamWebster in 1951.Outlets may be stands or kiosks, which may put up no shelter or seating,1 or fast food restaurants (also known as quick service restaurants). Franchise operations which are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations. 2 Contents 1 History 1. 1 Pre-modern Europe 1. 2 United Kingdom 1. 3 United States 2 On the go 2. 1 Filling stations 2. 2 Street vendors and concessions 3 Cuisine 3. 1 Variants 4 Business 5 Employment 6 Globalization 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History.